ANAPHY FINALS BLOOD Flashcards
What are the functions of blood?
Transportation
Defense
Maintenance of Homeostasis
Components of whole blood can be separated by a—
Centrifuge
Liquid extracellular matrix
Plasma
Cellular components of whole blood
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets (cytoplasmic fragments, not entire cell)
Most common formed element and transport gases in blood
Erythrocytes
The shape of erythrocyte and its purpose
Biconcave disc shape
- it increases surface area for gas exchange
It has few organelles and no nucleus ; contains hemoglobin to transport gases
Erythrocytes
What are the classification of leukocytes?
Granular and Agranular leukocytes
Have granules that can be seen. Cite examples.
Granular leukocytes
Neutrophils (bacterial)
Eosinophils (parasitic/allergic)
Basophils (allergic)
Have granules but cannot be easily seen. Cite examples.
Agranular Leukocyte
Lymphocyte (viral)
Monocyte (viral/fungal)
Most common leukocyte (40-60%)
Neutrophils
Neutrophil is characterized by (3)
1.Faint purple granules
2. Nucleus has two to five lobes
3. Phagocytic cells
(2-4% of leukocyte count)
Eosinophil
Eosinophil is characterized by (2)
1.Bright pink to red granules
2. Nucleus has two to three lobes
Least common leukocyte (less than 1% of leukocyte count)
Basophil
Basophil is characterized by (3)
- Dark blue granules
- Nucleus with two lobes
- Granules release histamine
Second most common leukocyte (20-30%)
Lymphocyte
Lymphocyte is characterized by (1)
Cite examples (3)
Large nucleus with a thin rim of cytoplasm
Three groups are:
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Natural killer cells
Large, with a horseshoe-shaped nucleus
Phagocytes
Mature into macrophages
(Fixed vs wandering macrophages)
Monocyte
Process of producing formed elements and begins in red bone marrow
Hematopoiesis
Can differentiate into any formed elements
But differentiate into ___ or ___ stem cells first
Hematopoietic stem cells
Lymphoid or Myeloid
Differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells is driven by—
Chemical growth factors
Promotes erythrocyte production called erythropoiesis
Erythropoietin
Thrombopoietin promotes development of
Megakaryocytes and platelets
Chemical signals released from a variety of tissues and stimulates production of various leukocytes as necessary
Cytokines
Molecules or groups of molecules the body does not recognize as “self”
• Trigger an immune response
• Found on surface of red blood cells
• Basis for blood types
• Can also cause transfusion reactions when incompatible blood types are mixed
Antigens
Blood types are determined based on the antigens present on the surface of—
RBC
The three antigens commonly used are
• Antigen A
• Antigen B
• Antigen D (Rh factor)
• Negative or positive blood type
Proteins that are made by the immune system
• Designed to bind to foreign antigens the body doesn’t recognize
• Forms antigen-antibody complexes
• Antigen-antibody complexes can initiate transfusion reactions • Cells agglutinate in response
• “Stick together”
Antibodies
Occurs when incompatible blood types are mixed
• Cells clump together
Transfusion reactions
______ of red blood cells can overload kidneys and can lead to kidney failure
Hemolysis
ABO Blood groups
Based on presence or absence of A antigen and B antigen
• Type A—A antigen only
• Type B—B antigen only
• Type AB—A and B antigens
• Type O—neither antigen
_____ produced against antigen(s) not present on a person’s red blood cells
Antibodies
Is either present or absent
Rhesus antigen (Rh)
• Can possibly occur when a Rh– mother is pregnant with an Rh+ fetus
• Rare in first pregnancy, but complications may arise with second pregnancy
• During first delivery, mother may be exposed to Rh antigen during birth
• Anti-Rh antibodies will be produced in between pregnancies
• If the second fetus is also Rh+, the antibodies the mother made will cross placenta and cause hemolysis
Hemolytic Disease of a Newborn (HDN)
