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Anaphy > ANAPHY FINALS HEART > Flashcards

ANAPHY FINALS HEART Flashcards

1
Q

Located within mediastinum of thoracic cavity

A

Heart

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2
Q

________ surrounds heart, forming ______

A

Pericardium ; pericardial cavity

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3
Q

is posterior—site where great vessels attach to heart

A

Base

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4
Q

inferior tip of heart
• Just left of the sternum
• Indention forms cardiac notch of left lung

A

Apex

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5
Q

superior chambers

A

Atria

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6
Q

receives deoxygenated blood
from systemic circuit

A

Right atrium

Via superior, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

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7
Q

receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circuit

A

Left atrium

Via pulmonary veins

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8
Q

inferior chambers

A

Ventricles

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9
Q

ejects deoxygenated blood
into pulmonary trunk

A

Right ventricle

▪ Pulmonary trunk divides into pulmonary arteries and sends blood to lungs

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10
Q

ejects oxygenated blood into aorta

A

Left ventricle

Sends blood to systemic tissues

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11
Q

Circulation through the Heart

A

• Deoxygenated blood is received by right atrium
• Via superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
• Blood enters right ventricle and is ejected into pulmonary trunk
• Pulmonary trunk divides to form pulmonary arteries that deliver blood to lungs
• Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
• Oxygenated blood enters left ventricle and is ejected into aorta and systemic arteries

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12
Q

Two systems of blood vessels in human circulation

A

Systemic circuit

Pulmonary circuit

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13
Q

Transports oxygenated blood to tissues and returns deoxygenated blood back to heart

A

Systemic circuit

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14
Q

Transports deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs and returns oxygenated blood back to heart

A

Pulmonary circuit

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15
Q

Membranous sac that surrounds heart

A

Pericardium

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16
Q

attaches heart to
diaphragm

A

Fibrous pericardium

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17
Q

reduces friction as heart beats

A

Serous pericardium

• Parietal and visceral layers
• Pericardial cavity in between

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18
Q

Serous pericardium begins as a

A

fluid-filled sac

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19
Q

As heart enlarges, it—

A

Pushes into the sac

Results in a double-layered sac with a fluid-filled cavity between the heart and the pericardium

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20
Q

pouch-like extensions of each atrium • Allow atria to accept extra amounts of
blood

A

Auricles

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21
Q

Grooves that contain coronary blood vessels
Cite (3)

A

Sulci

• Coronary sulcus
• Anterior interventricular sulcus
• Posterior interventricular sulcus

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22
Q

are prominent on anterior surface

A

Left and right ventricles

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23
Q

protects the heart and blood vessels within sulci

A

Fat deposits

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24
Q

most superficial
• Same as visceral layer of serous pericardium
• simple squamous epithelium and a thin layer of areolar connective tissue

A

Epicardium

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25
Q

contains cardiac muscle
• Thickest layer of heart wall
• Contains collagenous framework of heart, blood vessels, and nerves

A

Myocardium

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26
Q

deepest layer
• Simple squamous epithelium
• Continuous with endothelium of blood vessels

A

Endocardium

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27
Q

are oriented for effective contraction

A

Cardiac muscle fibers

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28
Q

Fibers wrap around each

A

Atrium

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29
Q

forces blood into the ventricles

A

Contraction of cardiac muscle

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30
Q

Fibers swirled from apex toward

A

great arteries around ventricles

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31
Q

forces blood into the great vessels

A

Contraction at apex

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32
Q

Transverse and coronal sections of the heart show

A

Myocardial thickness

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33
Q

Left ventricle has a _____ compared to the right ventricle.

Hypertrophies early in life
Due to increased resistance of the aorta (to systemic circuit), which must be overcome

A

Thicker myocardium

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34
Q

located between atria

A

Interatrial septum

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35
Q

Interatrial septum contains

A

Fossa ovalis

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36
Q

▪ Oval shaped depression
▪ Remnant of foramen ovale of fetal heart that
allowed blood to bypass pulmonary circuit • Lungs don’t oxygenate blood in fetus
▪ Septum primum closes foramen ovale at birth

A

Fossa ovalis

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37
Q

located between ventricles
• More muscular than interatrial septum
• Aids in ventricular contraction

A

Interventricular septum

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38
Q

Separates atria from ventricles

A

Fibrous Skeleton of Heart

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39
Q

Fibrous Skeleton of Heart has _____ that allow blood to move through the heart

A

4 openings

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40
Q

between atria and ventricles

A

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

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41
Q

between ventricles and great vessels (pulmonary trunk and aorta)

A

Semilunar (SL) valves

42
Q

prevent blood from moving in the wrong direction

A

Valves

43
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valves (2)

A

• Tricuspid valve on right
• Bicuspid valve on left

44
Q

Semilunar (SL) valves (2)

A

• Pulmonary valve on right • Aortic valve on left

45
Q

open and close in response to pressure differences

A

Valves

46
Q

_________ blood rushes toward atria and AV valves close

A

When ventricles contract

47
Q

______ blood attempts to reenter heart and SL valves close

A

When ventricles relax

48
Q

wall between ventricles

A

Interventricular septum

49
Q

anchors AV valves

A

Chordae tendineae

50
Q

large bundles of muscle attached to chordae tendineae

A

Papillary muscles

51
Q

large ridges on interior of ventricular walls

A

Trabeculae carneae

52
Q

Fills with venous blood during atrial relaxation
• Venous return

A

Right atrium

53
Q

The right atrium Contains _____ within auricle and anterior wall of chamber

A

pectinate muscles

54
Q

In the right ventricle, Blood initially passes through the __

A

open tricuspid valve first

55
Q

Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium

A

Right ventricle

56
Q

The Walls of ____ contain ridges of muscle called trabeculae carneae

A

Right ventricle

57
Q

Pressure increases during

A

Ventricular contraction

58
Q

(Right ventricle) Increased pressure closes ? yet opens ?

A

tricuspid valve ; pulmonary semilunar valve

59
Q

(Right ventricle) Deoxygenated blood ejected into?

A

pulmonary trunk

60
Q

After gas exchange in the lungs, oxygenated blood returns to?

A

left atrium

Via pulmonary veins

61
Q

(Left atrium) ? contains pectinate muscles

A

Auricle

62
Q

Fills during atrial relaxation
• Ejects blood through open bicuspid (mitral) valve into left ventricle

A

Left atrium

63
Q

• Receives oxygenated blood from left atrium
• Contraction closes bicuspid valve and opens aortic semilunar valve
• Ejects oxygenated blood into the aorta and into the systemic circuit

A

Left ventricle

64
Q

Failure to function properly leads to—

A

valvular heart disease

65
Q

? occurs when valves allow blood to move in wrong direction (e.g., from ventricle into the atrium)

A

Regurgitation

66
Q

This occurs when valves become calcified
• Valve may be harder to open causing heart to work harder

A

Valve stenosis

67
Q

• Arise from ascending aorta and travel in coronary
sulcus
• Fill during ventricular relaxation

A

Left and right coronary arteries

68
Q

This branches to form circumflex artery and anterior interventricular artery

A

Left coronary artery

69
Q

This branches to form marginal arteries and posterior interventricular artery

A

Right coronary artery

70
Q

Travels in anterior interventricular sulcus

A

Great cardiac vein

71
Q

This accompanies the circumflex artery

A

Posterior cardiac vein

72
Q

This accompanies right coronary artery

A

Small cardiac vein

73
Q

This accompany small cardiac artery

A

Anterior cardiac veins

74
Q

Most ____ drain into coronary sulcus

A

cardiac veins

75
Q

Leading cause of death worldwide

A

Coronary Artery Disease

76
Q

_____ decreases coronary blood flow
• Blockages visible on coronary angiogram
• Begins as fatty streak during childhood and continues throughout life

(Coronary Artery Disease)

A

Plaque buildup

77
Q

Coronary Artery Disease can—

A

Can lead to hypoxia and myocardial ischemia

78
Q

(Electrocardiogram) Leads on surface of _______ as they move through the body and cardiac muscle

A

body monitor electrical signals

79
Q

(Electrocardiogram) An ___ evaluates ionic movement through the body

A

ECG

80
Q

(Electrocardiogram) In contrast, a recording _____ evaluates ionic movement across a cellular membrane

A

microelectrode

81
Q

Major components of a healthy ECG (3)

A

• P wave
• QRS complex
• T wave

82
Q

atrial depolarization

A

P wave

83
Q

—ventricular depolarization
▪ Atrial repolarization occurs at the same time

A

QRS complex

84
Q

Ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

85
Q

____ are regions between waves

A

ECG segments and intervals

86
Q

ECG segments and intervals

A

PR interval
ST segment

87
Q

_____ from beginning of P wave to beginning of QRS complex

A

PR interval

88
Q

▪ Delay usually indicates (PR interval)

A

heart block

89
Q

Elevation usually indicates heart attack

A

ST segment

90
Q

(Stages of the cardiac cycle)

Contraction

A

Systole

91
Q

(Stages of the cardiac cycle)

Relaxation

A

Diastole

92
Q

Stages of the cardiac cycle

A
  1. Total diastole
  2. Atrial systole
  3. Early ventricular systole
  4. Late ventricular systole
  5. Early ventricular diastole
93
Q

Pressure increases with

A

systole

94
Q

Pressure increases with

A

systole

95
Q

Pressure decreases with

A

diastole

96
Q

Ventricles fill to End Diastolic Volume (EDV) of ____

A

~130mL

97
Q

Stroke Volume (SV)—amount of blood ejected per beat; _____

A

~70mL

98
Q

End Systolic Volume (ESV)—amount of blood remaining in ventricle after systole; ____

A

~60mL

99
Q

_____ illustrates the pressures within the atria, ventricles, and aorta during the cardiac cycle

A

Wiggers diagram

100
Q

The amount of blood ejected by each ventricle per minute

A

Cardiac output

101
Q

At rest CO is approximately the entire blood volume of an adult

A

~5L/min

Anaphy (9 decks)

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