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ECOS 2 Pre-Midterm > Endocrine Complaints 2 > Flashcards

Endocrine Complaints 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the thyroid gland axis

A

Hypothalamus - TRH
Pituitary - TSH
Thyroid gland - T4 and T3

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2
Q

What is the major thyroid hormone that is secreted by the thyroid gland?

A

T4

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3
Q

What is the active thyroid hormone?

A

T3

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4
Q

T3/T4 deficiency

A

Hypothyroidism

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5
Q

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the world?

A

Iodine deficiency

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6
Q

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the US?

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmune disease)

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7
Q

What is a goiter?

A

Enlarged thyroid gland

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8
Q

Key signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism

A 
SLOWER metabolism
Weight gain 
Fatigue
Dry skin
Feeling cold
Constipation
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9
Q

Why will TSH be elevated in patients with hypothyroidism?

A

Due to low levels of T3 and T4 there is no negative feedback so the anterior pituitary continues to release TSH

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10
Q

General treatment for hypothyroidism?

A

Replace hormone - Hormone deficiency

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11
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the US?

A

Grave’s Disease (autoimmune disease)

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12
Q

Key signs and symptoms of Grave’s disease (hyperthyroidism)

A

FASTER metabolism
Weight loss
Protruding eye balls
Palpitations, sweating, warm skin

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13
Q

Why will TSH be suppressed in patients with hyperthyroidism?

A

Due to high levels of T3 and T4 there will be negative feedback on the anterior pituitary to make less TSH

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14
Q

General treatment for hyperthyroidism?

A

Remove hormone - Hormone excess

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15
Q

What is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system?

A

Thyroid cancer

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16
Q

Disordered growth of thyroid cells

A

Nodular disease

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17
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates?

A

Calcium levels

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18
Q

Parathyroid hormone does what to calcium levels?

A

Increases them

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19
Q

How is the parathyroid hormone regulated?

A

Via calcium levels in the blood:

  • low calcium increases PTH
  • high calcium decreases PTH
20
Q

What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Adenomas

21
Q

Most common symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

MOSTLY ASYMPTOMATIC

22
Q

What is the classic presentation of high calcium levels?

A

Stones, bones and groans

  • kidney stones
  • abnormal bones (weakness)
  • constipation
23
Q

What cause of primary hyperparathyroidism is usually symptomatic at discovery?

A

Hypercalcemia of malignancy

24
Q

What is the main cause of hypoparathyroidism?

A

Inadvertent damage or removal of parathyroid glands during surgery

25
Q

What are the key signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?

A

Chvostek’s sign
Trousseau sign
Irregular heartbeat

26
Q

Chvostek’s sign

A

Tapping the facial nerve just anterior to the ear elicits twitching/spasm of all facial muscles

27
Q

Trousseau’s sign

A

Induction of a carpal spasm by inflation of BP cuff

28
Q

Low PTH levels and Low calcium levels means?

A

Hypoparathyroidism

29
Q

The adrenal glands primary products?

A

Mineralcorticoids and Glucocorticoids

30
Q

Main glucocorticoid?

A

Cortisol

31
Q

What is the glucocorticoid axis?

A

Hypothalamus - CRH
Anterior pituitary - ACTH
Adrenal gland - Cortisol

32
Q

Mineralcorticoids are controlled by?

A

Blood pressure/volume

33
Q

Main mineralcorticoid?

A

Aldosterone

34
Q

Autoimmune cause of adrenal insufficiency?

A

Addison’s Disease (autoimmune destruction of adrenal glands)

35
Q

Most common cause of adrenal insufficiency?

A

Suppression of the axis due to exogenous (administered) glucocorticoids

36
Q

Key signs of adrenal insufficiency

A

Glucocorticoid AND Mineralcorticoid deficiency:

  • fatigue, weight loss
  • low BP, salt craving
  • hyperpigmentation*
37
Q

Addison’s Disease physical exam sign

A

Hyperpigmentation in areas of increased friction

38
Q

Hypercortisolism?

A

Cushing’s syndrome (excess glucocorticoids)

39
Q

Cushing’s disease cause (ACTH dependent)?

A

Pituitary adenoma which produces ACTH

40
Q

Most common cause of cushing’s syndrome (ACTH independent)?

A

Medical use of glucocorticoids

41
Q

Main signs of cushing’s syndrome

A

Moon face
Buffalo hump
Central obesity
Easy bruising and striae

42
Q

Main cause of aldosteronism (mineralcorticoid excess)?

A

Adrenal adenoma (Conn’s syndrome)

43
Q

Main signs of aldosteronism

A

HTN with low potassium levels

44
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Catecholamine producing tumor in the adrenal glands

45
Q

Main signs of a pheochromocytoma

A

EPISODIC HTN, palpitations, headache, sweating

46
Q

Common signs of a pituitary tumor

A 
VISUAL LOSS (on optic nerve)
Individual features based on hormone secretion

ECOS 2 Pre-Midterm (14 decks)

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