Autonomics/Chapman's Points Flashcards

1
Q

Afferents into the spinal cord gray matter synapse at what layers?

A

Upper layers

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2
Q

Interneurons and motorneuron cell bodies are at what spinal cord gray matter layers?

A

Lower layers

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3
Q

A majority of the interneurons receive input from?

A

BOTH visceral and somatic afferents

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4
Q

Do visceral and somatic afferents overlap?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Interactions with somatic _____ localize pain

A

Efferents

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6
Q

Cortical inhibition

A

Descending influences on reflexes

  • Excitation amplifies output
  • Inhibition reduces output
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7
Q

Facilitated segment concept

A

Constant afferent bombardment by injured somatic or visceral fibers leads to segmental excitation which produces excessive efferent response

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8
Q

For facilitated segment concept, the low threshold spinal reflexes represent a _____ pathway state caused by continuous bombardment of inputs

A

Hyper-excited pathway

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9
Q

What did the facilitated segment concept researchers use to show somatic reflex changes?

A

EMG

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10
Q

Sensitization

A

Process of increasing a response of a neural pathway with repetitive stimulation

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11
Q

Habituation

A

Process of decreasing a response of a neural pathway with continuous stimulation

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12
Q

The nociceptive theory of facilitation says that _____ and ____ exist together to maintain homeostasis

A

Sensitization and Habituation

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13
Q

Current theory as to cause for facilitation involves?

A

Alteration of nociceptive input

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14
Q

Describe the order of events for the nociceptive theory of facilitation

A

Once a stimulus is strong enough it travels to cord and branches
- releases peptides
- chemical soup (inflammatory cascade) spreads in tissues and cord
- Lowers threshold for nociceptors and interneurons
= Results in a larger than normal motor and autonomic output in those spinal level associated areas

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15
Q

Facilitation

A

Maintenance of a pool of neurons in a state of subthreshold excitation
- LESS afferent stimulation is needed to trigger discharge of impulses

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16
Q

What may cause facilitation?

A

Aberrant patterns of afferent input

Sustained increase in afferent input

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17
Q

Once facilitation is established, how is it maintained?

A

Normal CNS activity - self sustaining

18
Q

Allostasis

A

Response to stress in attempt to regain homeostasis

19
Q

What is the longterm neural effect of segmental facilitation?

A

Allostasis overload

20
Q

Describe the steps to allostasis overload

A

Stimulus
Chemical soup of inflammatory mediators
Primary afferent sensitization
Hyperalgesia and prolonged response
Central sensitization of spinal cord neurons
Brainstem decreases descending inhibition
= allostasis overload

21
Q

Allostasis overload can cause?

A

HTN, Depression, anxiety, memory loss, etc.

22
Q

What are the 4 reflex types?

A
  1. Somatosomatic
  2. Somatovisceral
  3. Viscerosomatic
  4. Viscerovisceral
23
Q

Somatosomatic reflex

A

Somatic stimuli produces reflex response in somatic structures
- ex. withdrawal response

24
Q

Somatovisceral reflex

A

Somatic stimuli produces reflex response in visceral structures

25
Ex. of somatovisceral reflex
Somatocardiac Somatogastric Somatoadrenal -- somatic stimuli (pain) causes visceral response
26
Somatocardiac reflex (somatovisceral)
Nociceptive pain somatic stimuli causes an increased HR and BP
27
Somatoadrenal reflex (somatovisceral)
Nociceptive pain somatic stimuli causes the release of catecholamines (adrenalin)
28
Viscerosomatic reflex
Visceral stimuli produces reflex response in somatic structures ex. Cardiac visceral pain experienced as somatic pain
29
Viscerovisceral reflex
Visceral stimuli produce reflex response in visceral structures
30
Ex. of a viscerovisceral reflex
Gastrocolic = Distention of gut --> contraction of gut muscle - when you eat you poop
31
The vagus nerve is ____% sensory
80-90%
32
What type of neurons connect visceral and somatic systems?
Interneurons
33
What type of reflexes are chapman points?
Viscerosomatic reflexes
34
What are chapman points?
Palpable points on body that are reflections of visceral dysfunction
35
What type of contraction is seen with chapman points?
Gangliform contraction
36
Gangliform contraction
Blocks lymphatic drainage and causes sympathetic dysfunction
37
Where are chapman points located?
Deep to the skin in subcutaneous tissue, deep fascia
38
What do chapman points feel like?
Small, smooth, firm nodules 2-3 cm in diameter
39
What will the patient feel when you press on their chapman point?
Pain - sharp and NON-radiating
40
For a chapman reflex point to be (+), what must be present?
Anterior and posterior points for that organ
41
What does a non-tender chapman point indicate?
Nothing
42
How do you treat chapman points?
Rotatory stimulation - massage it