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ECOS 2 Pre-Midterm > Endocrine Complaints 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine Complaints 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of glands and the hormones they produce

A

Endocrinology

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2
Q

What are some classic endocrine glands?

A 
Pituitary
Pancreas
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Suprarenal
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3
Q

What are the 3 basic mechanisms of pathology for endocrine disorders?

A
  1. Hormone excess
  2. Hormone deficient
  3. Hormone resistance
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4
Q

How do you measure obesity?

A

BMI - weight/height^2

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5
Q

Obese BMI

A

Greater than or equal to 30

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6
Q

Overweight BMI

A

Between 25-30

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7
Q

Fat cells adapted to store excess energy efficienly

A

Obesity

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8
Q

____ resistance probably plays a role in obesity

A

Leptin

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9
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

Multiple metabolic abnormalities that increase risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes

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10
Q

Other names for metabolic syndrome?

A

Syndrome X

Insulin resistance syndrome

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11
Q

Any 3 of the following can diagnose metabolic syndrome

A
  1. Central obesity (greater than 35/40 for women/men waist circumference)
  2. Abnormal lipids
  3. BP greater than 130/85
  4. Fasting glucose is greater than 100
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12
Q

Best treatment for metabolic syndrome?

A

Lifestyle changes - lose weight, exercise, new diet

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13
Q

Insulin resistance leading to ineffective transport of glucose into cells

A

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

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14
Q

Hyperglycemia can lead to _____ damage

A

organ

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15
Q

Describe the evolution of Type 2 Diabetes

A
  • Hyperinsulinemia to keep glucose levels normal
  • Glucose levels start to rise - hyperglycemia
  • Insulin production begins to decrease and beta cells die from overproduction
  • Chronic hyperglycemia
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16
Q

What is Hemoglobin A1C?

A

Blood test to measure average blood sugar levels over the past 3 months

17
Q

Main symptoms that are consequential of elevated glucose for Type 2 Diabetes

A 
Polyuria - excessive peeing
Polydipsia - excessive thirst
Polyphagia - excessive eating
Weight loss/gain, increased hunger
Blurry vision
Acanthosis nigricans - skin rash 
Impaired healing 
Tingling in extremities
18
Q

What are the criteria to diagnose Type 2 diabetes

A
  • HbA1C greater than 6.5%
  • Fasting glucose greater than 126
  • 2 hour glucose and random glucose greater than 200
19
Q

What body part is important to examine with patients who have diabetes?

A

Foot exam

20
Q

Treatment for Type 2 diabetes

A
  1. Overcome insulin resistance and resensitize organs
  2. Decrease high hormone levels
    * * lifestyle management**
21
Q

Immune-mediated beta cell destruction in the pancreas

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

22
Q

_____ is one of the most common childhood disease

A

Type 1 DM

23
Q

Main symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes

A 
Polyuria
Polydipsia 
Blurred vision
WEIGHT LOSS
Diabetic ketoacidosis 
ABSENT insulin/C peptide
24
Q

Age of onset for Type 1 and 2 DM

A

Type 1 = Childhood

Type 2 = after puperty

25
Q

Insulin secretion levels for Type 1 and 2 DM

A

Type 1 = ABSENT

Type 2 = variable

26
Q

Insulin sensitivity for Type 1 and 2 DM

A

Type 1 = Normal when controlled

Type 2 = DECREASED

27
Q

Pancreatic antibodies yes or no for Type 1 and 2 DM

A

Type 1 = YES

Type 2 = no

28
Q

Insulin dependence time for Type 1 and 2 DM

A

Type 1 = permanent

Type 2 = variable

29
Q

If a patient has Type 1 DM, what other diseases like to run in packs and may be affecting this patient?

A

Autoimmune diseases

30
Q

Treatment for Type 1 DM

A

Replace hormone - insulin

31
Q

If glucose levels are higher than _____ assess for acute disorders

A

250

32
Q

What are the 2 acute disorders where glucose levels are above 250?

A 
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Hyperglycemia hyperosmolar state (HHS)
33
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis main sign

A

Ketone body formation

34
Q

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar state main sign

A

Dehydration

35
Q

DKA and HHS management?

A

ADMIT TO HOSPITAL

36
Q

In any patient with confusion, altered mental status or seizure, what condition should you consider?

A

HYPOglycemia

37
Q

Hypoglycemia symptoms

A

Confusion, altered mental status, seizure

Glucose less than 70

38
Q

Hypoglycemia is usually caused by?

A

Drugs used to treat diabetes

ECOS 2 Pre-Midterm (14 decks)

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