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Anatomy And Physiology > Endocrine and Nervous System > Flashcards

Endocrine and Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Summarise the endocrine system

A

Collection of glands that are groups of secretory cells producing hormones. These hormones influence cell growth and metabolism, binding to specialised receptors to reverse or amplify a stimulus. The aim is to maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Controls release of hormones from anterior and posterior pituitary

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3
Q

What are some examples of anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone

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4
Q

What is the function of the growth hormone?

A

Stimulates growth and division of most body cells, especially in bones and skeletal muscles, and stimulates breakdown of fats and increases blood glucose.

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5
Q

What is the function of the thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

Stimulates growth and activity of the thyroid gland, which secretes thyroxine T4 and tri-iodothyronine T3.

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6
Q

What is the function of prolactin?

A

Secreted during pregnancy to prepare the breast for lactation.

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7
Q

What is the function of follicle stimulating hormone?

A

Stimulates production of sperm and secretion of oestrogen.

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8
Q

What is an example of posterior pituitary hormones?

A

Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone

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9
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A

Stimulates target tissues during and after childbirth; stimulates uterine smooth muscles and breast muscle cells

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10
Q

What is the function of the anti-diuretic hormone?

A

Reduces urine output and lessens the quantity of water in the urine

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11
Q

What is the function of thyroxine T4 and tri-iodothyronine T3?

A
  • Increase metabolic rate and heat production
  • regulate metabolism of carbs, proteins and fats
  • essential for normal growth and development
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12
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A
  • lowers blood calcium levels by increasing uptake of excess calcium for storage in the bone
  • essential during childhood and development
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13
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there?

A

4

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14
Q

What is the role of the parathyroid hormone?

A
  • muscle contraction
  • transmission of nerve impulses
  • blood clotting
  • normal action of many enzymes

Acts in a complementary manner with the calcitonin

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15
Q

What hormones are secreted by the suprarenal glands?

A
  • adrenaline and noradrenaline from the medulla
  • adrenocoricoids from the cortex - glucacorticoids, mineralcorticoids and sex hormones
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16
Q

What ie the function of glucocorticoids?

A
  • regulate metabolism, inflammatory and immune responses, and responses to stress
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17
Q

What is aldosterone?

A
  • main mineralcorticoid
  • maintain water and electrolyte balance
  • regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
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18
Q

What are androgens?

A
  • male sex hormones
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19
Q

What are the pancreatic islets?

A
  • the islets of Langerhans
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20
Q

What are the three types of hormones of the pancreatic islets?

A
  • alpha: secrete glucagon
  • beta: secrete insulin
  • delta: secrete somatostatin
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21
Q

What is somatosatin?

A
  • inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon by the islet cells
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22
Q

What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

A

Melatonin

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23
Q

What is the function of melatonin?

A
  • coordinate seasonal circadian and diurnal rhythms
  • associated with mood - associated with SAD
  • maturation of sex organs at puberty
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24
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

Detect and respond to changes inside and outside of body, working alongside endocrine system to promote homeostasis

25
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

The brain and spinal cord

26
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Covers the rest of the body, and provides rapid communication between all parts of body and brain. Comprises paired cranial and spinal nerves

27
Q

What are sensory (afferent) nerves?

A

Transmitted impulses to the CNS

28
Q

What are motor (efferent) nerves?

A

Transport impulses from CNS and divided into somatic (voluntary movement) and autonomic (involuntary process) systems

29
Q

What are the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Sympathetic mobilises body systems during emergency scenarios, and parasympathetic allows maintenance of control

30
Q

What do neurones consist of?

A

Cell body, axon, dendrites, cytoplasm

31
Q

What is the function of neurones?

A

Generate and transmit nerve impulses

32
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

Non excitable glial cells making up connective tissue to support neurones

33
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Gelatinous liquid composes of water, salts and proteins

34
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Branching extensions of the cell body that transmit and receive action potentials towards the axon

35
Q

What is the anatomy of neuroglia?

A

Four types:
- astrocytes
- oligodendrocytes
- ependymal cells
- microglia

36
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Star shaped cells with fine banching processes that are adjacent to blood vessels, and protect the brain from toxic substances

37
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Small, few branched cells clustered around nerve cell bodies in grey matter within CNS. They form and maintain myelin and multiply around degenerating neurones

38
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Collated cells that form epithelial lining of ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal volume and assist with flow of CSF through fluid filled cavities within the brain

39
Q

What are microglia?

A

Small glia cells dispered throughout brain. Migrate to site of inflammation and cell damage, enlarging and becoming phagocytic, removing microbes and damaged tissue

40
Q

Where are the major endocrine organs of the body located?

A

Tend to lie near the midline of the body

41
Q

What is the most abundant hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Growth hormone

42
Q

What role does adrenaline have?

A

Preparation for fight and flight

43
Q

What are the meninges?

A

A triple layer of tissue lying between the brain and skull, and between vertebral foramina to provide protection. Provides nutrients and protection

44
Q

How are the meninges divided?

A
  • Dua mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
45
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

2 layers of fibrous tissue

46
Q

What is the arachnoid mater?

A

Fibrous tissue

47
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

Delicate connective tissue which contains many small blood vessels

48
Q

What are the two areas of the brain associated with the meninges?

A
  • Subdural space
  • Subarachnoid space
49
Q

What is the subdural space?

A

Space between dura and arachnoid maters, containing a very small amount of serous fluid

50
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

Separates arachnoid and pia maters and contains CSF

51
Q

What is the name of the additional space within the spinal canal?

A

Epidural space

52
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Irregular shaped cavities containing CSF

53
Q

What is the function of the CSF?

A

Supports and protects brain and spinal cord, provides nutrients, and keeps them moist

54
Q

How heavy is the brain?

A

Approx. 1.4kg

55
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

Largest part of the brain, divided by a deep cleft with left and right cerebral hemispheres

56
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Superficial part of the cerebrum composed of nerve cell bodies (grey matter) and deeper layers of nerve fibres (white matter)

57
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

White matter of nerve fibres connecting the two hemispheres of the brain

58
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Connects cerebrum and midbrain and houses the thalamus and hypothalamus

59
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

Connects cerebrum with lower parts of the brain and spinal cord

Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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