Diabetes

Question 1

Which type of diabetes is associated with insulin resistance?

Answer 1

Type 2

Question 2

Which type of diabetes destroys the beta cell function of the pancreas?

Answer 2

Type 1

Question 3

In response to the glucose load, the [ ] cells of the pancreas secrete the hormone insulin.

Answer 3

Beta

Question 4

Where can glucose not immediately taken up by cells for fuel be stored?

Answer 4

Liver or muscles

Question 5

What is glucose that isn’t immediately used stored as?

Answer 5

Glycogen, or converted to triglycerides

Question 6

Where are triglycerides stored?

Answer 6

Adipose tissue

Question 7

What is responsible for regulating both the storage and utilisation of glucose as required?

Answer 7

Hormones

Question 8

Where are the receptors located that sense blood glucose levels?

Answer 8

Pancreas

Question 9

What do the pancreatic cells secrete to maintain normal blood glucose levels?

Answer 9

Glucagon or insulin

Question 10

Which micronutrient is the only one that causes a direct impact on glucose levels?

Answer 10

Carbohydrates

Question 11

What are the 2 hormones that maintain homeostasis of blood glucose called?

Answer 11

Insulin and glucagon

Question 12

Why does diabetes occur?

Answer 12

Due to glucose not leaving the bloodstream and entering the body cells

Question 13

What is Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 13

An autoimmune disease destroying Beta cell function in the pancreas, thus preventing insulin production

Question 14

What is Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 14

A result of a lack of insulin production, or because the insulin produced is unable to be used effectively sye to cell resistance

Question 15

What are the 3 sources from which glucose is derived?

Answer 15

1. Intestinal absorption of dietary carbohydrates
2. Glycogen breakdown in muscles, liver, other tissues and cells
3. Glucigenesis: formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as amino acids (from proteins) and glycerol (from fats)

Question 16

Where is the pancreas located?

Answer 16

Posterior to the bottom half of the stomach

Question 17

What hormones do the pancreatic islets release?

Answer 17

Glucagon, insulin, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide

Question 18

What happens when there is a decline in blood glucose levels?

Answer 18

• alpha cells secrete the hormone glucagon.
• liver is then stimulated to convert glycogen stores into glucose through glycogenolysis. Glucose is then released into the circulation for use by body cells.
• liver is then stimulated to take up amino acids from blood and convert them into glucose through gluconeogenesis
• lipolysis is stimulated, where stored triglycerides are broken down into free fatty acids and glycerol. Some of the glycerol released into bloodstream travels to the liver and is converted into glucose

Question 19

How is the activity of glucagon regulated?

Answer 19

Through negative feedback mechanisms

Question 20

What is hypoglycaemia?

Answer 20

When blood sugar levels are too low (under 4 mmol/l)

Question 21

What is a healthy target for blood sugar?

Answer 21

Between 4 and 7 mmol/l

Question 22

What is hyperglycaemia?

Answer 22

When blood sugar is too high (above 7 mmol/l)

Question 23

What is lipohypertrophy?

Answer 23

Fatty lumps which appear under the skin

Question 24

What should you use to treat a patient with diabetes, who is having a hypoglycaemia event, if they are fully conscious with the ability to cooperate fully with instructions and their swallow reflex is intact?

Answer 24

15-20g of fast acting carbohydrate as:
- 1 x 60mL bottle of Lift/GlucoJuice
- 200mL pure smooth fruit juice
- 5 x Lift Glucotabs
- 6 x dextrose tablets
- 5 large jelly babies
- 2 x tubes of 40% glucose gel

Question 25

Where are the islets of Langerhans found?

Answer 25

Pancreas

Question 26

How does glucose get to the cells in your body for respiration?

Answer 26

Comes in the food we eat, and is absorbed into blood in the small intestine. Heart then pumps the blood around the body to the body cells.

Question 27

What is glycogen?

Answer 27

Storage substance made up of many glucose molecules. It is stored in muscle tissue and converted to glucose when needed