Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSA questions > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the indicators of metformin?

A

T2DM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the mechanism of action of metformin?

A

reduces hepatic glucose output

does not stimulate insulin secretion - no hypos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are important adverse effects of metformin?

A

GI upset

lactic acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are warnings when using metformin?

A

renal impairment
hepatic impairment
acute alcohol intoxication, chronic alcohol abuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are important interactions of metformin?

A

IV contrast media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the indications for levothyroxine?

A

hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the mechanism of action for levothyroxine?

A

it is synthetic T3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are important adverse reactions with levothyroxine?

A

hyper
cardiac - palpitations, arrhythmias
GI - diarrhoea, vomiting, weight loss
neuro - tremor, restlessness, insomnia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the warnings with levothyroxine?

A

coronary artery disease - t4 increases HR so can precipitate cardiac ischaemia
hypopitutarism - need steroids first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are important interactions with levothyroxine?

A

calcium, iron, antacids - reduce GI absorption of levothyroxine
CYP impacts
impacts insulin, glucose, warfarin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the names of rapid acting insulins? How do they work?

A

humalog, novorapid
give just before or up to 15 mins after meal
peak 1hr post meal, last 3-5 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the names of short acting insulins?

A

actrapid, Humulin S
give 20 mins before meal
peaks 2 hours after injection, last 6-8 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the names of medium acting insulins?

A

Humulin I, insulatard

Given 1-2x daily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the names of long acting insulins?

A

Lantus, Levemir

can last 24 hours, usually given at night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two exmaples of mixed insulins? How do they work?

A

Premixed - Humulin M3 (short and medium) - give 15-20 min before meal, never pm, need bedtime snack
Biphasic analouge mixtures - Humalog mix 25, Novomix 30 (rapid and medium) - with or up to 15 min after meal, never pm, x2 daily (breakfast and tea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are indications of glucose?

A

to provide water, to treat hypoglycaemia, hyperkalaemia, dilation of drugs

17
Q

What are the adverse reactions of glucose?

A

Glucose 50% irritating to veins - painful, thrombosis

Can cause hyperglycaemia

18
Q

What are warnings of glucose?

A

Do not give in thiamine deficiency as can cause Wernicke’s - give thiamine too
do not give in renal failure, hyponatraemia,

19
Q

What are interactions with glucose?

A

Insulin due to opposite natures

20
Q

What is the indication of sulfonylureas and an example?

A

gliclazide - T2DM

21
Q

What is the mechanism of action of gliclazide?

A

act on pancreas to increase secretion of insulin

22
Q

What are adverese reactions of gliclazide?

A

hypoglycaemia, weight gain, GI upset, hypersensitivity

23
Q

What are some warnings of gliclazide?

A

DKA, hypoglycaemia

hepatic or renal impairment

24
Q

What are some interactions with gliclazide?

A

beta blockers
other diabetic medication
alcohol

25
Q

What are the indications of insulin?

A

DM

hyperkalaemia

26
Q

What is the mechanism of action of insulin?

A

drives K+ into cells

drives movement of glucose from blood into tissue

27
Q

What are adverse reactions of insulin?

A

hypoglycaemia
lipohypertrophy at injection site
oedema

28
Q

What are warnings of insulin?

A

renal impairment - increases chance of hypo

29
Q

What are interactions with insulin?

A

other hypoglycaemics

corticosteroids increase insulin requirement

30
Q

What are some dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors, what are they used for and how do they work?

A

sitagliptin, linagliptin, saxagliptin
they are used to treat T2DM alongside metformin or instead of if it cannot be tolerated
incretins are released by intestine (especially in response to food) and they increase insulin secretion - incretins are broken down by DPP-4 and these drugs inhibit those and therefore incretin breakdown

31
Q

What are some adverse reactions of dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors?

A

hypoglycaemia
pancreatitis
GI upset, headache, nasopharyngitis, peripheral oedema

32
Q

What are some warnings and interactions of dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors?

A

Contraindications - hypersensitivity, T1DM, ketoacidosis, pregnancy, breastfeeding
Caution - previous pancreatitis, elderly, renal impairment
Interactions - other hypoglycaemia drugs, B-blockers can mask hypos, reduced effect if used with drugs that increase glucose (prednisilone, thiazide, loop diuretics)

33
Q

What are some uses of oestrogens and progesterones?

A

hormonal contraception

HRT

34
Q

What are some adverse effects of oestrogens and progesterons?

A

irregular bleeding, mood changes
cardiovascular disease and stroke
breast and cervical cancer

35
Q

What are some warnings and interactions of oestrogens and progesterons?

A

breast cancer, VTE, cardiovascular disease

cytochrome P450 indcuers reduce contraceptive effect

PSA questions (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions