Endo final

Question 1

Calcium and ___ are opposites

Answer 1

Phosphorous

Question 2

Hypocalcemia symptoms

Answer 2

Nervous system excitement
Increased neuron permeability to Na
Tetany, seizures, trosseaus chvosteks, long QT
Laryngospasm
Myocardial depression ??

Question 3

Hypercalcemia symptoms

Answer 3

Skeletal muscle weakness
Nervous system depression
Short QT, long PR, constipation, anorexia

Question 4

Causes of hyper CA

Answer 4

high PTH
second reason??

Question 5

Treatment for hypercalcemia

Answer 5

Fluids
Mithramycin

Question 6

Major control site of Ph

Answer 6

Kidneys

Question 7

PTH ___ urinary excretion of Ph

Answer 7

increases

Question 8

___ secrete PTH

Answer 8

chief cells in the paraythroid

Question 9

PTH has a/an ____ relationship with calcium

Answer 9

direct
A drop in ca will increase pth levels

Question 10

PTH has a /an ____ relationship with phos

Answer 10

inverse

Question 11

What allows for the absorption of Phos via the GI tract?

Answer 11

Vit D3

Question 12

How does PTH raise Ca

Answer 12

Resorption from bone
Reabsorption from distal tubules
Absorption from GI tract

Question 13

PTH acronym

Answer 13

Phosphorous trashing hormone

Question 14

Calcitonin does what to CA and Ph?

Answer 14

Decreases both- weakly

Question 15

___ has important effect on bone deposition and bone absorption

Answer 15

Vit d3

Question 16

Vit d3 is converted to 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol by ___

Answer 16

the liver

Question 17

CA and __ are similar

Answer 17

Mag
MUST treat mag first then Ca bc it is resistant

Question 18

When is stones bones are groans relevant

Answer 18

hyperparathyroidism
kidney stones
bone pains
groans from GI upset

Question 19

What causes secondary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 19

renal disease
vit d deficiency

Question 20

What deficiency would you suspect if you see bowing, abnromal epiphyseal plates, or osteomalacia

Answer 20

Vit d 3 deficiency

Question 21

How does blood PH affect calcium levels?

Answer 21

Acidosis increases calcium via less protein binding
Alkalosis decreases calcium via same route

Question 22

Calcium is contraindicated when?

Answer 22

DIG toxicity- lethal arrhythmias

Question 23

Calcium can be given to who?

Answer 23

Pre eclampsia, mag toxicity

Question 24

Define: endo, exo, para, auto, neuro, crin

Answer 24

Endo- function at a distance- vascular
exo- ducts- sweat, salivary
Para- nearby
Auto-self
Neuro- nerve
Crin- to secrete

Question 25

What are the different types of hormones?

Answer 25

Peptide/ protein (insulin, gh, adh) Tyrosine derivatives (catecholamines, t3, t4) Steroids (ONE, cortisol)

Question 26

Steroids are ___ phillic

Answer 26

lipo

Question 27

RCEC examples

Answer 27

R- loss of heat to walls, equipment 60% C- air current 25% E- open abdominals, sweat, respiration 10% Cond- table 5%

Question 28

Whos at highest risk for hypothermia

Answer 28

elderly and neonatal

Question 29

dantrolene dose

Answer 29

2.5mg/kg q5 Max 10?

Question 30

What is known as the master gland?

Answer 30

pituitary

Question 31

What does the posterior pituitary secrete

Answer 31

ADH Oxytocin

Question 32

What does the anterior pituitary secrete?

Answer 32

FLAT PG FSH LH ACTH TSG Prolactin GH

Question 33

the posterior pituitary is aka

Answer 33

neurohypophysis

Question 34

What stimulates ADH

Answer 34

AT2 SNS hyperosmolarity hypernatremia hypovolemia hotn

Question 35

What causes DI?

Answer 35

Neurogenic/ central- most common- head injury or surgery nephrogenic- ckd, lithium toxicity, hypercalcemia, hypokalemia, TB,

Question 36

Hypernatremia ____ MAC

Answer 36

increases

Question 37

SIADH is caused by

Answer 37

Pituitary tumor Head trauma SCC lungs/ pulmonary infection

Question 38

Conditions that predispose one to central pontine myelinolysis

Answer 38

Alcoholism/ liver disease/ malnutrition Hyponatremia

Question 39

Treatment of SIADH and DI

Answer 39

SIADH- demeclocycline, fluid restriction DI- DDVAP, fluids

Question 40

Monitor sodium every ___ when treating hyponatremia

Answer 40

1 hour

Question 41

Complications of Oxytocin

Answer 41

fetal distress/ hyperstimulation uterine tetany water intoxication

Question 42

Rapid IV infusion of oxytocin can cause

Answer 42

HTN tachy NV seizures

Question 43

Blood pressure and co2 goals for pituitary surgery

Answer 43

normal x2 hypocapnea lowers icp and pulls tumor further into brain

Question 44

Who has subglottic narrowing?

Answer 44

down syndrome acromegaly

Question 45

Main controllers of aldosterone

Answer 45

K major AT2 major Na ACTH- minor

Question 47

Anterior pituitary cell types

Answer 47

Somatotropes gh Corticotropes ACTH Thyrotropes tsh gonadotropes lh fsh lactotropes prl

Question 48

MH triggers

Answer 48

SUCC Volatile agents NO n2o