APEX Cardiac Rhythm Monitors/ Equipment Flashcards
Which pathway depolarizes the LA?
Bachmann bundle
Internodal tracts
Anterior internodal (goes to bachmann bundle)
Middle internodal (wenckebach, goes to AV)
Posterior internodal (thorel goes to AV)
Conduction velocity of the heart
SA/AV nodes- 0.02-0.1m/s (slow)
Myocardial muscle cells- 0.3-1m/s (intermediate)
His, bundle branches, purkinje fibers- 1-4-m/s (fast)
What controls conduction velocity?
ANS tone
Potassium
Ischemia
Acidosis
Antiarrhythmic drugs
Accessory pathways
Electrical pathways that bypass the AV node and go straight to ventricles
James fiber
Atrio hisian fiber
Kents bundle (WPW)
Mahaims bundle
RMP / THP ventricle AP
Phases 0,1,2,3,4
-90mv
-70mv
Phases of Ventricle AP
0 Na in
1 Cl in (k out too)
2 CA in (k out too)
3 K out
4 Restore ions, K leaks out (hypokalemia lowers RMP)
Absolute vs refractory period
Absolute- 0,1,2 (all of AP except downslope)
Refractory- 3 (downslope)
Q wave
Before QRS
If Q wave is at least 1/3 height of R wave, suggests previous MI
Pericarditis EKG changes
Depressed PR
Peaked t wave causes
Hyperkalemia
ischemia
LV Hypertrophy
Intracranial bleeding
J wave threshold
After QRS
+1 or -1
Hyperkalemia EKG changes
Peaked T wave/ low P wave
PR prolongation
QRS prolongation
SINE wave
V fib
Hypokalemia EKG
U wave
Depressed T wave
Increased PR
Hypercalcemia EKG
Short QT (when RMP reaches this high level from hypercalcemia, the rest of the AP is shortened)
Hypocalcemiaekg changes
Prolonged QT
(Makes AP/THP closer to RMP, which starts it sooner, causing long QT)
Hypermagnesemia will cause _____
Heart block/ cardiac arrest (me if i kept taking mag glyc!)
Hypomagnesemia
Torsades! Long QT
EKG leads/ Artery
2,3,avf= RCA
v1-v4= LCA
I,avl,v5,v6= CXA
Bipolar, limb, and precordial leads
B- 1,2,3
L-avr,avl,avf
Precordial, v1,v2,v3,v4,v5,v6
EKg lead/ correlation with heart it monitors
3 up /down x 4 right/left
Bottom left 3 “L tetris thing”= inferior
Rotate up in next line 4= anterior/septum
top left, diagonal down, and right bottom 2- lateral
ventricle depolarization
From base to apex
From endo to epi
Negative to positive
Positive R wave
Ventricle repolarizationin regards to ekg -/+ heart mean AP pathways
Apex to base
epi to endo
Negative to positive-BUT
SINCE DOUBLE NEGATIVE (DOWNWARDS AND NEGATIVE DEFLECTION) it produces a positive t wave
Where does Mean vector point towards?
Hypertrophy, away from MI
Just like me at the gym! towards hypertophy, no MI
Normal axis deviation
+ 1
+ avf
Alterations to axis deviation
Side to wherever positive is
(-/+)= R axis deviation
(+/-)= L axis deviation
(-/-)= extreme R axis deviation
R axis deviation causes
Things that affect the R heart
COPD
Cor pulmonale
Pulmonary embolus
Bronchospasm
L axis deviation causes
Things that effect L heart
HTN
LBBB
A stenosis
A insufficiency
Mitral regurgitation
When looking at the heart, axis deviations
view of LV- normal axis
view of RV- r axis deviation
view of RA- extreme r axis deviation
view of LA- left axis deviation
Normal axis degrees
-30 (3pm)- +90 (6pm_)
How does glucagon work for BB OD?
stimulates cAMP= CONTRACTION