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The Holy Grail (Drugs) > Endo Drugs > Flashcards

Endo Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

MoA of Calcitonin

A

Calcitonin lowers blood calcium and phosphorus mainly through its inhibition of osteoclasts.

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2
Q

Side effects of Testosterone

A

Prostatism
Polycythaemia
Hepatitis

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3
Q

Name some Dopamine agonists

A

Bromocriptine
Quinagolide
Cabergoline

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4
Q

Name some Somatostatin Analogues

A

Ocreotide

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5
Q

Name some GH antagonists

A

Pegvisomant

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6
Q

What is Levothyroxine

A

a manufactured form of the thyroid hormone, thyroxine (T4)

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7
Q

Name some anti-thyroid drugs

A

Carbimazole

Propylthiouracil

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8
Q

MoA of anti-thyroid drugs

A

inhibits the enzyme thyroperoxidase, which normally acts in thyroid hormone synthesis

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9
Q

MoA of Calcitonin (salmon)

A

It acts to reduce blood calcium (Ca2+), opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH).

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10
Q

Name a calcimimetic

A

Cinacalcet

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11
Q

MoA of calcimimetics

A

it mimics the action of calcium on tissues

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12
Q

What is cholecalcifol

A

Vitamin D3

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13
Q

MoA of Denosumab

A

inhibits this maturation of osteoclasts by binding to and inhibiting RANKL. This protects bone from degradation, and helps to counter the progression of the disease.

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14
Q

What is Teriparatide

A

is identical to a portion of human parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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15
Q

MoA of Teriparatide

A

use activates osteoblasts more than osteoclasts, which leads to an overall increase in bone

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16
Q

Name a Biguanide

A

Metformin

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17
Q

MoA of Metformin

A
  • insulin sensitiser
  • lowers gluconeogenesis
  • increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscle
  • decreases carbohydrate absorption
  • increases fatty acid oxidation
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18
Q

Side effects of Metformin

A

Gi upset
Bad for liver
Lactic acidosis
reduces eGFR (reduce dose if <30-45, stop if <30 or if creatine >150)

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19
Q

Name some sulphonylureas

A

Short acting: gliclazide, glipizide
Long acting: glibenclamide, chlorpropramide

Others: Tolbutamide,

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20
Q

MoA of Sulphonylureas

A
  • make beta cella release more insulin by blocking KATP chennels
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21
Q

Side effects of Sulphonylureas

A
  • weight gain
  • bad for liver/kideneys
  • can cause hypo

Make sure to check blood glucose and LFTs

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22
Q

Name a Thiazolidinediones (TZDs/ Glitazones)

A

Pioglitazone

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23
Q

MoA of Thiazolidinediones

A
  • activate PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors) that then increase peripheral glucose uptake
  • inhance action of insulin
  • decrease hepatoglucose output
24
Q

Side effects of TZDs

A

Weight gain
Hepatotoxic
Water retention (don’t use in Heart failure)
Increased fracture risk

25
Q

Name some Glucagon-like-peptide-1 agonsits (Incretin analogues/ GLP-1 agonists)

A

Exenatide, Liraglutide, Lixisenatide

26
Q

MoA of Glucagon-like-peptide-1 agonsits

A
  • increase insulin secretion
  • early satiety (decreased gastric empting)
  • reduces appetite through hypothalamic action
27
Q

Side effects of Glucagon-like-peptide-1 agonsits

A

Pancreatitis / Pancreatic cancer

28
Q

Name some Dipeptide peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP-IV inhibitors)

A 
Sitagliptin
Saxagliptin 
Vildagliptin
Linagliptin
Agogliptin
29
Q

MoA of Glucagon-like-peptide-1 agonsits

A
  • stop the breakdown of GLP-1 by DPP-IV enzyme
  • supressing glucagon
  • increasing insulin secretion
30
Q

Side effects of Glucagon-like-peptide-1 agonsits

A

Pancreatitis / Pancreatic cancer

31
Q

Name the two types of Insulin

A

Basal (long acting)

Prandial (short acting)

32
Q

Name two types of basal insulins

A

Analogues and Isophane (NPH)

33
Q

Name two types of prandial insulin

A

Analogues and solubles

34
Q

Name some basal analogue insulins

A

Lantus (glargine)

Levemir (determir)

35
Q

Name some basal isophane insulins

A

Insulatard

Humulin

36
Q

Name some prandial analogue insulins

A

Novorapid (aspart)
Lispro (Humalog)
Glulisine (Apidra)

37
Q

Name some prandial soluble insulins

A

Actrapid

Humulin S

38
Q

Basal analogue insulin time of action

A

Stable duration throughout the day

Once/twixe per day

39
Q

Basal Isophane insulin time of action

A

Stable throughout the day

Peaks 5hrs after administration

40
Q

Prandial analogue insulin time of action

A

Onset: 15 mins
Peak: 1hr
Duration: 4h

41
Q

Prandial soluble insulin time of action

A

Onset: 1hr
Peak: 3 hrs
Lasts: 7hrs

42
Q

Name some Sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhbitors (SGL2 inhibitors)

A

Dapagliflozin, Canagliflozin, Empagliflozin

43
Q

MoA of SGL2 Inhibitors

A

Decrease uptake of sugar by inhibiting the SGL2, therefore 90% of glucose is not absorbed in the promixal tubule and is instead excreted in the urine

44
Q

Side effects of SGL2 Inhibitors

A

Increase in candidida thrush

Increase in UTIs

45
Q

What is Hydrocortisone

A

it is synthetic cortisone

46
Q

What is Fludricortisone

A

used primarily to replace the missing hormone aldosterone

47
Q

MoA of Metyrapone

A

a competitive inhibitor of 11β-hydroxylation in the adrenal cortex; the resulting inhibition of cortisol (and to a lesser extent aldosterone) production leads to an increase in ACTH production

48
Q

MoA of Ketoconazole

A

inhibition of adrenal 11 beta-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase, and it, in some unknown way, prevents the expected rise in ACTH secretion in patients with Cushing’s disease

49
Q

MoA of Pasireotide

A

inhibit the secretion of corticotropin from the pituitary adenoma

50
Q

Name some Mineralcorticoid receptor agonists

A

Spironolactone, epleronone

51
Q

MoA of Mineralcorticoid receptor agonists

A

Inhibit the effects of mineralocorticoids, namely, aldosterone, by displacing them from MR in the cortical collecting duct of kidney nephrons. This decreases the reabsorption of sodium and water while limiting the excretion of potassium (A K+ sparing diuretic).

52
Q

Side effects of Mineralcorticoid receptor agonists

A

Hyperkalaemia
Gynecomastia
Menstrual disturbances
Infertility at high doses

53
Q

MoA of Orlistat

A

is preventing the absorption of fats from the human diet by acting as a lipase inhibitor, thereby reducing caloric intake.

54
Q

Side effects of Orlistat

A

steatorrhea

55
Q

MoA of Conivaptan

A

an arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptor antagonist with affinity for human V1A and V2 receptors

56
Q

MoA of Tolvaptan

A

competitive vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist

The Holy Grail (Drugs) (15 decks)

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