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The Holy Grail (Drugs) > Endo Drugs > Flashcards

Endo Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

MoA of Calcitonin

A

Calcitonin lowers blood calcium and phosphorus mainly through its inhibition of osteoclasts.

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2
Q

Side effects of Testosterone

A

Prostatism
Polycythaemia
Hepatitis

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3
Q

Name some Dopamine agonists

A

Bromocriptine
Quinagolide
Cabergoline

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4
Q

Name some Somatostatin Analogues

A

Ocreotide

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5
Q

Name some GH antagonists

A

Pegvisomant

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6
Q

What is Levothyroxine

A

a manufactured form of the thyroid hormone, thyroxine (T4)

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7
Q

Name some anti-thyroid drugs

A

Carbimazole

Propylthiouracil

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8
Q

MoA of anti-thyroid drugs

A

inhibits the enzyme thyroperoxidase, which normally acts in thyroid hormone synthesis

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9
Q

MoA of Calcitonin (salmon)

A

It acts to reduce blood calcium (Ca2+), opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH).

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10
Q

Name a calcimimetic

A

Cinacalcet

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11
Q

MoA of calcimimetics

A

it mimics the action of calcium on tissues

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12
Q

What is cholecalcifol

A

Vitamin D3

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13
Q

MoA of Denosumab

A

inhibits this maturation of osteoclasts by binding to and inhibiting RANKL. This protects bone from degradation, and helps to counter the progression of the disease.

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14
Q

What is Teriparatide

A

is identical to a portion of human parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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15
Q

MoA of Teriparatide

A

use activates osteoblasts more than osteoclasts, which leads to an overall increase in bone

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16
Q

Name a Biguanide

A

Metformin

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17
Q

MoA of Metformin

A
  • insulin sensitiser
  • lowers gluconeogenesis
  • increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscle
  • decreases carbohydrate absorption
  • increases fatty acid oxidation
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18
Q

Side effects of Metformin

A

Gi upset
Bad for liver
Lactic acidosis
reduces eGFR (reduce dose if <30-45, stop if <30 or if creatine >150)

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19
Q

Name some sulphonylureas

A

Short acting: gliclazide, glipizide
Long acting: glibenclamide, chlorpropramide

Others: Tolbutamide,

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20
Q

MoA of Sulphonylureas

A
  • make beta cella release more insulin by blocking KATP chennels
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21
Q

Side effects of Sulphonylureas

A
  • weight gain
  • bad for liver/kideneys
  • can cause hypo

Make sure to check blood glucose and LFTs

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22
Q

Name a Thiazolidinediones (TZDs/ Glitazones)

A

Pioglitazone

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23
Q

MoA of Thiazolidinediones

A
  • activate PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors) that then increase peripheral glucose uptake
  • inhance action of insulin
  • decrease hepatoglucose output
24
Q

Side effects of TZDs

A

Weight gain
Hepatotoxic
Water retention (don’t use in Heart failure)
Increased fracture risk

25
Name some Glucagon-like-peptide-1 agonsits (Incretin analogues/ GLP-1 agonists)
Exenatide, Liraglutide, Lixisenatide
26
MoA of Glucagon-like-peptide-1 agonsits
- increase insulin secretion - early satiety (decreased gastric empting) - reduces appetite through hypothalamic action
27
Side effects of Glucagon-like-peptide-1 agonsits
Pancreatitis / Pancreatic cancer
28
Name some Dipeptide peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP-IV inhibitors)
``` Sitagliptin Saxagliptin Vildagliptin Linagliptin Agogliptin ```
29
MoA of Glucagon-like-peptide-1 agonsits
- stop the breakdown of GLP-1 by DPP-IV enzyme - supressing glucagon - increasing insulin secretion
30
Side effects of Glucagon-like-peptide-1 agonsits
Pancreatitis / Pancreatic cancer
31
Name the two types of Insulin
Basal (long acting) | Prandial (short acting)
32
Name two types of basal insulins
Analogues and Isophane (NPH)
33
Name two types of prandial insulin
Analogues and solubles
34
Name some basal analogue insulins
Lantus (glargine) | Levemir (determir)
35
Name some basal isophane insulins
Insulatard | Humulin
36
Name some prandial analogue insulins
Novorapid (aspart) Lispro (Humalog) Glulisine (Apidra)
37
Name some prandial soluble insulins
Actrapid | Humulin S
38
Basal analogue insulin time of action
Stable duration throughout the day | Once/twixe per day
39
Basal Isophane insulin time of action
Stable throughout the day | Peaks 5hrs after administration
40
Prandial analogue insulin time of action
Onset: 15 mins Peak: 1hr Duration: 4h
41
Prandial soluble insulin time of action
Onset: 1hr Peak: 3 hrs Lasts: 7hrs
42
Name some Sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhbitors (SGL2 inhibitors)
Dapagliflozin, Canagliflozin, Empagliflozin
43
MoA of SGL2 Inhibitors
Decrease uptake of sugar by inhibiting the SGL2, therefore 90% of glucose is not absorbed in the promixal tubule and is instead excreted in the urine
44
Side effects of SGL2 Inhibitors
Increase in candidida thrush | Increase in UTIs
45
What is Hydrocortisone
it is synthetic cortisone
46
What is Fludricortisone
used primarily to replace the missing hormone aldosterone
47
MoA of Metyrapone
a competitive inhibitor of 11β-hydroxylation in the adrenal cortex; the resulting inhibition of cortisol (and to a lesser extent aldosterone) production leads to an increase in ACTH production
48
MoA of Ketoconazole
inhibition of adrenal 11 beta-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase, and it, in some unknown way, prevents the expected rise in ACTH secretion in patients with Cushing's disease
49
MoA of Pasireotide
inhibit the secretion of corticotropin from the pituitary adenoma
50
Name some Mineralcorticoid receptor agonists
Spironolactone, epleronone
51
MoA of Mineralcorticoid receptor agonists
Inhibit the effects of mineralocorticoids, namely, aldosterone, by displacing them from MR in the cortical collecting duct of kidney nephrons. This decreases the reabsorption of sodium and water while limiting the excretion of potassium (A K+ sparing diuretic).
52
Side effects of Mineralcorticoid receptor agonists
Hyperkalaemia Gynecomastia Menstrual disturbances Infertility at high doses
53
MoA of Orlistat
is preventing the absorption of fats from the human diet by acting as a lipase inhibitor, thereby reducing caloric intake.
54
Side effects of Orlistat
steatorrhea
55
MoA of Conivaptan
an arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptor antagonist with affinity for human V1A and V2 receptors
56
MoA of Tolvaptan
competitive vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist

The Holy Grail (Drugs) (15 decks)

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