Endo Drugs Flashcards
MoA of Calcitonin
Calcitonin lowers blood calcium and phosphorus mainly through its inhibition of osteoclasts.
Side effects of Testosterone
Prostatism
Polycythaemia
Hepatitis
Name some Dopamine agonists
Bromocriptine
Quinagolide
Cabergoline
Name some Somatostatin Analogues
Ocreotide
Name some GH antagonists
Pegvisomant
What is Levothyroxine
a manufactured form of the thyroid hormone, thyroxine (T4)
Name some anti-thyroid drugs
Carbimazole
Propylthiouracil
MoA of anti-thyroid drugs
inhibits the enzyme thyroperoxidase, which normally acts in thyroid hormone synthesis
MoA of Calcitonin (salmon)
It acts to reduce blood calcium (Ca2+), opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Name a calcimimetic
Cinacalcet
MoA of calcimimetics
it mimics the action of calcium on tissues
What is cholecalcifol
Vitamin D3
MoA of Denosumab
inhibits this maturation of osteoclasts by binding to and inhibiting RANKL. This protects bone from degradation, and helps to counter the progression of the disease.
What is Teriparatide
is identical to a portion of human parathyroid hormone (PTH)
MoA of Teriparatide
use activates osteoblasts more than osteoclasts, which leads to an overall increase in bone
Name a Biguanide
Metformin
MoA of Metformin
- insulin sensitiser
- lowers gluconeogenesis
- increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscle
- decreases carbohydrate absorption
- increases fatty acid oxidation
Side effects of Metformin
Gi upset
Bad for liver
Lactic acidosis
reduces eGFR (reduce dose if <30-45, stop if <30 or if creatine >150)
Name some sulphonylureas
Short acting: gliclazide, glipizide
Long acting: glibenclamide, chlorpropramide
Others: Tolbutamide,
MoA of Sulphonylureas
- make beta cella release more insulin by blocking KATP chennels
Side effects of Sulphonylureas
- weight gain
- bad for liver/kideneys
- can cause hypo
Make sure to check blood glucose and LFTs
Name a Thiazolidinediones (TZDs/ Glitazones)
Pioglitazone
MoA of Thiazolidinediones
- activate PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors) that then increase peripheral glucose uptake
- inhance action of insulin
- decrease hepatoglucose output
Side effects of TZDs
Weight gain
Hepatotoxic
Water retention (don’t use in Heart failure)
Increased fracture risk
Name some Glucagon-like-peptide-1 agonsits (Incretin analogues/ GLP-1 agonists)
Exenatide, Liraglutide, Lixisenatide
MoA of Glucagon-like-peptide-1 agonsits
- increase insulin secretion
- early satiety (decreased gastric empting)
- reduces appetite through hypothalamic action
Side effects of Glucagon-like-peptide-1 agonsits
Pancreatitis / Pancreatic cancer
Name some Dipeptide peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP-IV inhibitors)
Sitagliptin Saxagliptin Vildagliptin Linagliptin Agogliptin
MoA of Glucagon-like-peptide-1 agonsits
- stop the breakdown of GLP-1 by DPP-IV enzyme
- supressing glucagon
- increasing insulin secretion
Side effects of Glucagon-like-peptide-1 agonsits
Pancreatitis / Pancreatic cancer
Name the two types of Insulin
Basal (long acting)
Prandial (short acting)
Name two types of basal insulins
Analogues and Isophane (NPH)
Name two types of prandial insulin
Analogues and solubles
Name some basal analogue insulins
Lantus (glargine)
Levemir (determir)
Name some basal isophane insulins
Insulatard
Humulin
Name some prandial analogue insulins
Novorapid (aspart)
Lispro (Humalog)
Glulisine (Apidra)
Name some prandial soluble insulins
Actrapid
Humulin S
Basal analogue insulin time of action
Stable duration throughout the day
Once/twixe per day
Basal Isophane insulin time of action
Stable throughout the day
Peaks 5hrs after administration
Prandial analogue insulin time of action
Onset: 15 mins
Peak: 1hr
Duration: 4h
Prandial soluble insulin time of action
Onset: 1hr
Peak: 3 hrs
Lasts: 7hrs
Name some Sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhbitors (SGL2 inhibitors)
Dapagliflozin, Canagliflozin, Empagliflozin
MoA of SGL2 Inhibitors
Decrease uptake of sugar by inhibiting the SGL2, therefore 90% of glucose is not absorbed in the promixal tubule and is instead excreted in the urine
Side effects of SGL2 Inhibitors
Increase in candidida thrush
Increase in UTIs
What is Hydrocortisone
it is synthetic cortisone
What is Fludricortisone
used primarily to replace the missing hormone aldosterone
MoA of Metyrapone
a competitive inhibitor of 11β-hydroxylation in the adrenal cortex; the resulting inhibition of cortisol (and to a lesser extent aldosterone) production leads to an increase in ACTH production
MoA of Ketoconazole
inhibition of adrenal 11 beta-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase, and it, in some unknown way, prevents the expected rise in ACTH secretion in patients with Cushing’s disease
MoA of Pasireotide
inhibit the secretion of corticotropin from the pituitary adenoma
Name some Mineralcorticoid receptor agonists
Spironolactone, epleronone
MoA of Mineralcorticoid receptor agonists
Inhibit the effects of mineralocorticoids, namely, aldosterone, by displacing them from MR in the cortical collecting duct of kidney nephrons. This decreases the reabsorption of sodium and water while limiting the excretion of potassium (A K+ sparing diuretic).
Side effects of Mineralcorticoid receptor agonists
Hyperkalaemia
Gynecomastia
Menstrual disturbances
Infertility at high doses
MoA of Orlistat
is preventing the absorption of fats from the human diet by acting as a lipase inhibitor, thereby reducing caloric intake.
Side effects of Orlistat
steatorrhea
MoA of Conivaptan
an arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptor antagonist with affinity for human V1A and V2 receptors
MoA of Tolvaptan
competitive vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist
