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college > Endo > Flashcards

Endo Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid GLand hormones

A

T4, T3, calcitonin; thyroid hormones are amino acid derived

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2
Q

Ovary hormones

A

Estrogen, progesterone, relaxin

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3
Q

Testis hormones

A

testosterone, inhibin

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4
Q

Placenta hormones

A

hCG, heman somatomammotropin

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5
Q

Peptide/protein hormones

A

surface receptors

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6
Q

Steroid hormones

A

nuclear receptors/ genomic effect to activate/repress genes for protein synthesis

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7
Q

positive feedback occurs in

A

oxytocin during birth, menstrual cycle

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8
Q

Hypothalamus

A

releases hypothalamic releasing hormones - GHRH, GnRH, TRH, CRH

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9
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

synthesizes hormones; simulating hormones - TSH, ACTH, FSH/LH - tropic; direct-PRL(secretion controlled by PIH-DA), GH

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10
Q

Posterior pituiray

A

stores hormones made in AP; Oxytocin, ADH, MSH

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11
Q

ADH

A

conserve water, released from PP, aka vasopressin; inserts aquaporins; plasma osmolarity sensed by hypo osmoreceptors - stimulate ADH; inc by dec blood vol

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12
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

ADH defiecency - hypothalamic/central where def in secretion of ADH from PP
nephrogenic - kidney not responsive to ADH
excess urine production

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13
Q

Oxytocin

A

synth in neurons of hypo; sotred in PP; stimulates smooth muscle uterine contractions and stimulates smooth muscles in mammary glands during suckling

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14
Q

Growth hormone/somatrotropin

A

involved in growth; synth by somatrophs in AP; stimulates secretion of IGF, bone/soft tissue/cartilage growth, anabolic hormone- proteins synth, fatty acid utilization and dec glucose utilization; anti-insulinic hormone - high levels lead to insulin resistance -
GHRH –> GH

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15
Q

Regualtion of GH

A

starvation increases GH levels; stimulate by hypoglycemia and protein depletion;

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16
Q

Dwarfism

A

GH deficiency during childhood

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17
Q

Giantism

A

GH excess - child

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18
Q

Acromegaly

A

GH excess - adults, enlargement of extremities

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19
Q

Insulin like growth factors IGF

A

stimulated by GH, prod in liver, promore cartilage and bone growth,

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20
Q

PRL

A

AP, promotes milk production, reproduction, suppressed by dopamine, after parturition - needed for milk synth and milk secretion w/ cortisol and insulin; breast tissue differentiation, lactogenesis/milk prod; excess blocks GNRH to inhibit FSH and LH; high lvls lead to menstrual irreg and fertility problems - blocks ovulation, menstruation, spermatogenesis

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21
Q

Prolactinoma

A

inc PRL levels, lack of menstruation, secretion of milk, erectile dystfn, breast enlargement in males

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22
Q

Beta cells

A

secrete insulin and amylin

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23
Q

Alpha cells

A

secrete glucagon

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24
Q

d cells

A

secrete somatostatin - inhibits both glucagon and insulin

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25
Q

Insulin regulated by

A

inc plasma gluc, inc plasma AA, gut hormones,

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26
Q

Insulin

A

anabolic - promotes uptake of glucose causing glucose lvls to fall; glucose –> glycogen, nurtient uptake, inc storage of glucose, fatty acids, and AAs
inhibits glucose breakdown, glycogen breakdown and lipid breakdown, promotes glucose uptake by liver - stimulates glycogen synthetase –> glycogen,

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27
Q

Glucagon

A

target organ -liver; secreted when plasma gluc falls; inhibited by insulin; increase plasma gluc levels; stimulates glycogen –> glucose in liver; inc uptake of AA by liver adn coverts to gluc

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28
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

underproduction of insulin, diabetes mellitus, high blood gluc lvls

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29
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

overproduction of insulin, low blood gluc lvls

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30
Q

insulin resistance

A

abnormal cell response to insuling - Type II diabetes

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31
Q

DM Type I

A

pancreas stops producing enough insulin, automimmune destruction of beta cells, insulin deficiency, insulin dependent/juvenile diabetes,

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32
Q

C-peptide

A

pancrease normally releases c-peptide and insulin in equal amts

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33
Q

DM Type Ii

A

insulin-resistant, change life-style

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34
Q

Gestational diabets

A

insulin resistance

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35
Q

Insulin resistance

A

reduces action of insulin, causes pancreas to produce more insulin, hyperinsulinemia,

36
Q

Hypoglycemia

A 
low levels of blood glucose, •	Cold, clammy skin
•	Trembling or feelings of nervousness
•	Lack of motor coordination and fatigue
•	Irritability or confusion
•	Blurred vision
•	Headache or dizziness
•	Nausea or stomach pain
•	Fainting or unconsciousness
37
Q

Outer adrenal cortex

A

secretes hormones

38
Q

Inner adrenal medulla

A

secretes catecholamines

39
Q

Inner zona reticularis

A

androgens/sex hormones

40
Q

Middle zona fasciculate

A

corticosteroids - metabolic hormones

41
Q

outer zone glomerulosa

A

aldosterone

42
Q

Lyase

A

cleaves side chains of cholesterol

43
Q

hydrozylese

A

add oh groups

44
Q

aromatase

A

converts ring to phenolic structure

45
Q

Cortisol regulation

A

synth on demand, binds CBG in circulation,

46
Q

Glucocorticosteroid

A

Fight/flight, protects heart and brain from glucose starvation, mediates long-term stress, prevents hypoglycemia - inc gluc in body in response to stress, cortisol needed for glucagon, catabolic hormone - • Promotes gluconeogenesis, glycolysis and lipolysis
• Causes breakdown of skeletal muscle proteins
• Suppresses the immune system, thus works as an anti-inflammatory agent
• Causes negative calcium balance
• Influences brain function negatively

47
Q

Actions of cortisol

A

Protein metabolism/breakdown to provide AA for gluconeogenesis, Carb metabolism - elevated gluc concentration, lipid metabolism - conserve glucose and glycogen

48
Q

Effects of cortisol

A

negative Ca - inc excretion and decrease absorption; break down bone matrix, inhibits Na loss and inc K excretion; inc hunger; alters mood, memory and learning changes, cataracts; suppress immune sys;

49
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

hypercorisolism, adrenal tumor, primary, high cortisol

50
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

hypercortisolism - pituitary tumor, high acth, secondary

51
Q

Addison’s disease

A

hypocortisolism, autoimmune destruction of adrenal gland, dec ACTH secretion/loss of pituitary fn; dec aldosterone, decrease cortisol

52
Q

COngenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

androgen steroids are elevated, inherited deficiency, hypercortisolism, hyperplasia of adrenal, masculinization of external genitalia in female newborns - androgenital syndrom

53
Q

Androgenital syndrome

A
  • Extremely high levels of adrenal androgens produced in response to overstimulation of the adrenal by ACTH
  • In males, leads to early puberty
  • In females, leads to ambiguous genitalia at birth
  • In females, leads to virilization and hirsuitism later in life
54
Q

Aldosterone

A

maintains Na and K balance and BP, works on distal and collecting duct of nephrons in kidney, Na reabsorption adn K excretion; regulated by ACTH and angiotensin II; excess-> hypokalemia; low –> hyperkalemia

55
Q

Hypokalemia

A 
excess aldo, low K; •	Increase in plasma volume
•	Hypertension
•	Increased cardiac output
•	Impaired skeletal muscle function
•	Muscle weakness, muscle cramps
•	Muscle paralysis
56
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

aldo def, high K; • Cardiac toxicity
• Abnormal heart rhythms
• Cardiac arrest
• Weak contractions and arrhythmia
• Decrease in plasma volume, decrease in BP
• Circulatory shock
• Muscle paralysis due to suppression of normal electrical stimulation of skeletal muscles

57
Q

11 β-HSD

A

converts cortisol to cortisone

58
Q

Thyroid GLand

A

follicular cells and C cells, supply TH

59
Q

Follicular cells

A

produce THs,

60
Q

C-cells

A

produce Calcitoninn

61
Q

Synth of TH

A

Hypo - TRH
AP - TSH
Thyroid Gland – Thyroglobulin, released into colloid space where tyrosine residues are iodinated

62
Q

TH

A

catabolic; stimulates fat metabolism; increases gluconeogenesisa dn glycogeneolysis to generate free glucose; inc insulin-dependent glucose uptake into cells; inhibits protein synthesis

63
Q

TH reproductive syst

A

needed for follicular developmen and ovulation in female syst; normal maintainance of pregnancy; spermatogenesis in males

64
Q

Graves disease

A

hyperthyroidism; autoimmune; goiter, swollen eyeballs/exopthalamos

65
Q

Goiter

A

Excessive stimulation of the thyroid gland by TSH causes the gland to enlarge

66
Q

Cretinism

A

hypothyroidism; children, stunted physical and mental growth, poor length growth, bone maturation and puberty delayed, ovulation impeded, infertility,

67
Q

Myxedema

A

Adult hypothyroidism, mental impairment, depression, cold intollerance

68
Q

hashimoto;s disease

A

autoimmune thyroiditis, destruction of thyroid gland, unable to prod TH, hypothyroidism

69
Q

Tissue growth

A

GH, IGFs, TH - permissive, Insulin stimulates protein synthesis and provides energy

70
Q

Bone growth

A

Ca

71
Q

Calcium

A

Calmodulin binds Ca, needed in bone growth

72
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Ca and Vit D deficiency, causes Tetany, seizures, overexcitation of muscles

73
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

opp, psychiatric problems

74
Q

Phosphate

A

build strong bones, bone mineralization

75
Q

PTH

A

inc Ca - when Ca lvls dec, then PTH is secreted - inc Ca by • Directly mobilizes calcium from bone (resorption)
• Directly stimulates renal re-absorption of Ca++ (and inhibits PO4 re-absorption
• Indirectly increases intestinal absorption of Ca++
PO4 - reduces re-abs, inc excretion of PO4, enhances uptake from bones

76
Q

Calcitonin

A

lowers Ca

77
Q

Calcitriol/1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3

A

inc Ca

78
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

PTH exces,, leads to hypercalcemia; • Bone pain or tenderness
• Depression and forgetfulness
• Feeling tired, ill, and weak
• Fragile bones of the limbs and spine that can break easily
• Increased amount of urine produced
• Kidney stones
• Nausea and loss of appetite

79
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

PTH def, hypocalcemia;

80
Q

Calcitonin

A

secreted by C-cells in thyroid gland; opposes PTH - dec bone resorption, Ca inc then CT is released; increases renal Ca excretion; end goal is dec high Ca levels in blood

81
Q

VitD

A

active form 1-a-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 ; enhances Ca uptake; renal Ca reabsorption; Ca mobilization out of bone; regulated by PTH; inc serum Ca levels

82
Q

Inhibin

A

inhibits FSH, doesn’t inhibit GnRH, sertoli cells

83
Q

Sertoli cells

A

nourish developing sperm, inhibin synth, FSH receptors, produces AMH - prevents uterus from forming

84
Q

TUrner syndrome

A

girls born with 1 1/2 X chromosomes; short, low ears, webbed neck, swelling hands and feet, sterile,

85
Q

Klinefelter

A

men, XXY, hypogonadism, infertility, less facial hair and body hair, weaker, shy,

86
Q

Cryptochordism

A

genital problem in pediatrics, hidden/obscured testes - dunacn,

87
Q

aromatase

A

converts T to E

college (22 decks)

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