Endo Flashcards
Greek
endo
eu
endo: inner or within
eu: goodly or well, want to maintain balance
Pituitary Gland
hyperpituitarism: adenoma, functional (amen, gala, gig, carom, Cushing, TSH LH FSH)
hypopituitarism: adenoma, non functional (necrosis, inflammation)
-mass effects, HA, hemianopsia, apoplexy
Pituitary Adenoma with loss of acinar architecture
-acinus: grape or berry greek
Grave’s
Hyperthyroidism
-AI
-Increase T3/4, decrease TSH
-heat intolerant, weight loss, tachy, nervous
Enlarged thyroid, exophthalmos (bulging eyes) : graves
Hashimoto
Hypothyroidism
-AI destruction of thyroid
-Decrease T3/4, increase TSH
-Sens of T helper cell to thyroid antigen
Thyroid Gland Masses
Goiter: enlarged thyroid, diffuse or multimodular
-neoplasms, benign or malignant
Carcinomas 1.5% of cancers
PAP 85
FOLLI 15
ANA/MED rare
Goiter
dietary iodine = decrease 3/4 = increase TSH = hyperplasia
Thyroid Adenomas
-Benign neoplasms derived from follicular ep cells
-solitary nodule
-usually cold on scans
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
-follicular ep cells
-MAP kinase
-ionizing radiation (chernobyl)
-papillary histo
PFIM
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Follicular Carcinoma of Thyroid
15 of thyroid cancer
-older pts, esp females
-uniform cells forming small follicules
-invasive, capsular or vascular
-solitary, cold modules
Follicular Carcinoma of Thyroid
Hyperparathyroidism
Primary
-Increase PHT, increase CA
-Increase osteoclast activity
-Bone erosion, nephro
-Ulcers, gallstone, pancreatitis
Secondary
-Low serum CA, increase PTH
-Renal failure
-Decrease Vit D conversion
Adrenal Gland
Zona Glomerulosa: aldosterone
Zona Fasciculata: cortisol
Zona Reticularis: estrogens and androgens
*medulla: epinephrine
Hyperadrenalism
Primary
ZG: hyperaldosteronism
-HTN with decreased renin
Secondary
-increased renin via decreased renal perfusion
-edema, CHF, cirrhosis, hypervolemia
Zona Fasiculata
Cushings
-HTN, WG, moon face, striae, hirsutism
Cause
1. steroids
2. ACTH adenoma
3. Adrenal carcinoma/hyperplasia
4. Ectopic/Paraneo ACTH
Zona Reticularis
Hyperandrogenism
-neoplasms, carcinoma
-adrenal hyperplasia
-enzyme defects
Adrenocortical Insufficiency
Decrease ACTH
ACUTE
-withdraw of steroids
-hemorrhagic necrosis in sepsis
-post partum pit necrosis
-pit apoplexy in adenoma
CHRONIC
-AI, Addisons
-infections: TN, CMV, fungi
-carcinoma in gland
Adrenal Medulla Pheochromocytoma
-latin core, middle, marrow
Islet cells arise following expression of
Neurogenin, NGN3
-most abundant beta cells, then alpha, then delta
Diabetes Mellitus
sweet excess
-diarrhea of kidney
-chamber pot craving
-thirst sickness
-rain of honey
FBG > 126
Type 1
Childhood, tolerance of self antigens breaks down
-T lymph mediated destruction of islet cells
-Beta cell depletion
Type 2
Adult, obesity and insulin resistance
-Adipocytokines
-Macrophage pro inf cytokines
MI, stroke, kidney failure, retinopathy, neuropathy
