Endo

Question 1

Greek
endo
eu

Answer 1

endo: inner or within

eu: goodly or well, want to maintain balance

Question 2

Pituitary Gland

Answer 2

hyperpituitarism: adenoma, functional (amen, gala, gig, carom, Cushing, TSH LH FSH)

hypopituitarism: adenoma, non functional (necrosis, inflammation)
-mass effects, HA, hemianopsia, apoplexy

Question 3

Answer 3

Pituitary Adenoma with loss of acinar architecture
-acinus: grape or berry greek

Question 4

Grave’s

Answer 4

Hyperthyroidism
-AI
-Increase T3/4, decrease TSH
-heat intolerant, weight loss, tachy, nervous

Question 5

Answer 5

Enlarged thyroid, exophthalmos (bulging eyes) : graves

Question 6

Hashimoto

Answer 6

Hypothyroidism
-AI destruction of thyroid
-Decrease T3/4, increase TSH
-Sens of T helper cell to thyroid antigen

Question 7

Thyroid Gland Masses

Answer 7

Goiter: enlarged thyroid, diffuse or multimodular
-neoplasms, benign or malignant

Carcinomas 1.5% of cancers
PAP 85
FOLLI 15
ANA/MED rare

Question 8

Answer 8

Goiter
dietary iodine = decrease 3/4 = increase TSH = hyperplasia

Question 9

Thyroid Adenomas

Answer 9

-Benign neoplasms derived from follicular ep cells
-solitary nodule
-usually cold on scans

Question 10

Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Answer 10

-follicular ep cells
-MAP kinase
-ionizing radiation (chernobyl)
-papillary histo

PFIM

Question 11

Answer 11

Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Question 12

Follicular Carcinoma of Thyroid

Answer 12

15 of thyroid cancer
-older pts, esp females
-uniform cells forming small follicules
-invasive, capsular or vascular
-solitary, cold modules

Question 13

Answer 13

Follicular Carcinoma of Thyroid

Question 14

Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 14

Primary
-Increase PHT, increase CA
-Increase osteoclast activity
-Bone erosion, nephro
-Ulcers, gallstone, pancreatitis

Secondary
-Low serum CA, increase PTH
-Renal failure
-Decrease Vit D conversion

Question 15

Adrenal Gland

Answer 15

Zona Glomerulosa: aldosterone

Zona Fasciculata: cortisol

Zona Reticularis: estrogens and androgens

*medulla: epinephrine

Question 16

Hyperadrenalism

Answer 16

Primary
ZG: hyperaldosteronism
-HTN with decreased renin

Secondary
-increased renin via decreased renal perfusion
-edema, CHF, cirrhosis, hypervolemia

Question 17

Zona Fasiculata

Answer 17

Cushings
-HTN, WG, moon face, striae, hirsutism

Cause
1. steroids
2. ACTH adenoma
3. Adrenal carcinoma/hyperplasia
4. Ectopic/Paraneo ACTH

Question 18

Zona Reticularis

Answer 18

Hyperandrogenism
-neoplasms, carcinoma
-adrenal hyperplasia
-enzyme defects

Question 19

Adrenocortical Insufficiency

Answer 19

Decrease ACTH

ACUTE
-withdraw of steroids
-hemorrhagic necrosis in sepsis
-post partum pit necrosis
-pit apoplexy in adenoma

CHRONIC
-AI, Addisons
-infections: TN, CMV, fungi
-carcinoma in gland

Question 20

Answer 20

Adrenal Medulla Pheochromocytoma
-latin core, middle, marrow

Question 21

Islet cells arise following expression of

Answer 21

Neurogenin, NGN3
-most abundant beta cells, then alpha, then delta

Question 22

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 22

sweet excess
-diarrhea of kidney
-chamber pot craving
-thirst sickness
-rain of honey

FBG > 126

Question 23

Type 1

Answer 23

Childhood, tolerance of self antigens breaks down
-T lymph mediated destruction of islet cells
-Beta cell depletion

Question 24

Type 2

Answer 24

Adult, obesity and insulin resistance
-Adipocytokines
-Macrophage pro inf cytokines

MI, stroke, kidney failure, retinopathy, neuropathy