Encapsulated bacteria vaccines

Question 1

how do we make effective vaccines against encapsulated bacteria?

Answer 1

polysaccharide capsule antigens are conjugated to a carrier protein

Question 2

what immune reaction takes place as a result of polysaccharide capsule antigens being conjugated to a carrier protein?

Answer 2

enchances immunogenicity by promoting T-cell activation and subsequent class switching

a polysaccharide antigen alone cannot be presented to T cells

Question 3

what are the two types of pneumococcal vaccines?

Answer 3

1. PCV –> pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar)

2. PPSV –> pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine with no conjugated protein (Pneumovax)

Question 4

what are the other (other than pneumococcal vaccines) vaccines that are conjugated?

Answer 4

1. H. influenzae type B

2. Meningococcal vaccine

Question 5

what are the names of urease positive bugs?

Answer 5

CHuck Norris hates PUNKSS.
Cryptococcus
H. pylori
Proteus
Ureaplasma
Nocardia
Klebsiella
S. epidermidis
S. saprophyticus

Question 6

what bug is described as yellow “sulfur” granules composed of filaments of bacteria?

Answer 6

Israel has yellow sand.

Actinomyces israelii

Question 7

what bug has yellow pigment?

Answer 7

S. aureus

Question 8

what bug has blue-green pigment?

Answer 8

Aerugula is green.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 9

what bug has red pigment?

Answer 9

Serratia marcescens