Emotional Development and Attachment Flashcards
What two general emotions do babies seem to experience?
- Pleasure. 2. Distress.
What emotions develop rapidly?
More discrete emotions.
By what month of age do infants typically experience all basic emotions?
By 9 months of age.
During the development of the smile, when does a reflex smile begin?
By 1 month of age.
During the development of the smile, when does a social smile appear?
By 6 months of age.
During the development of the smile, when do infants smile to other people?
By 7 months of age.
Why do infants smile to other people?
To encourage bonding and interaction.
During the development of laughing, when does laughing generally appear?
By 3-4 months of age during activities.
During the development of laughing, when does laughing occur to unexpected events?
By 1 year of age.
During the development of laughing, when does laughing occur in response to own behavior or when attempting to make others laugh?
By 2 years of age.
When does generalized distress occur in an infant?
From birth (hunger, pain, over-stimulation).
When does anger and/or sadness appear in an infant?
Around 2 months of age. By this time, the visible facial expression matches the situation.
When does fear and/or distress appear in an infant?
Around 7-8 months of age.
What is stranger wariness?
Distress that young children experience when they are exposed to people who are unfamiliar to them.
When does stranger wariness begin? When does it peak?
It begins around 8 months of age. It peaks around 12-15 months of age.
Stranger wariness means what cognitive development has occurred?
Memory has developed to support the recognition that not all people are their caretaker.
Stranger wariness means what motor development has occurred?
Their motor behavior has developed to support individual mobility away from the stranger.
Why is stranger wariness an adaptive behavior?
Because it emerges at the same time that the child is being to master crawling.
When does stranger wariness start to decline?
As infants learn to interpret facial expressions.
What is separation anxiety?
Intense fear or anxiety that occurs when a parent or caregiver leaves the child.
What cognitive development occurs around the same time that separation anxiety develops?
Object permanence.
Is there evidence that separation anxiety may be universal?
Yes, Chinese and US babies experience that same onset, peak, and decline patterns of separation anxiety.
At what age is empathetic crying present?
It is present at birth.
At what age is affect matching present?
By 10 weeks of age, infants match the expressions of their mothers.
How do we know that infants display empathic crying at birth?
They show increased distress in response to hearing another infants cry as opposed to other sound stimuli.
What might empathic crying be a precursor for?
It could be a precursor for empathic responding.
When do empathic responding behaviors to simulated distress of a stranger and parent occur?
Between the ages of 14 and 36 months.
What is visual discrimination?
Show that perceive that one thing is different than another.
What is visual categorization?
Ignore natural variation in one category, and still treat two slightly different members of a category as the “same”.
By what age do infants visually discriminate?
By 6 weeks, infants look longer at fear faces, according to a habituation task.
By what age do infants visually categorize?
By 5 months.
By what age do children have language for emotions?
By age 2.
By what age do children have the ability to produce verbal labels for facial expressions and match a pictorial and verbal representation of an emotion.
By age 3.
What are examples of Secondary (self-conscious) emotions?
Guilt, shame, embarrassment, and pride
By what age do secondary emotions occur?
By age 3.
What is the function of secondary emotions?
Group living.
What cognitive achievements co-occur with the development of secondary emotions? (3)
- Self-reflection. 2. Self-evaluation. 3. Social Comparison.
Who came up with the idea of imprinting?
Konrad Lorenz (ethology).
What did Hoffman contribute to the idea of attachment? How did he show this idea?
The Reinforcement model of imprinting. 2. He had ducks imprint on red blocks.
What are the 4 phases of attachment according to Bowlby’s attachment theory?
- Pre-attachment. 2. Attachment in the making. 3. Clear-cut Attachment. 4. Reciprocal relationships.
What did the strange situation scenario study?
It measured child-caregiver security–interaction, stranger wariness, reunion.
What is a secure attachment style?
Uses caregiver as secure base; is upset when s/he leaves, recover quickly.
What is a Insecure/Resistant attachment style?
They don’t explore, they’re upset when caregiver leaves, ambivalent after return (mad?). Anxious.
What is a Insecure/Avoidant attachment style?
They show little distress when the caregiver leaves, they ignore the caregiver ignore after their return.
What is a Disorganized/disoriented attachment style?
They show an insecure, confused, absence of pattern. Dazed; freezing up.
What is the most common attachment style? Which is the least common?
- Secure (65%). 2. Insecure/Resistant and Disorganized/disoriented (10%).
What is a secure attachment style driven by?
By child’s needs.
What is a resistant attachment style driven by?
By caregiver’s needs.
48% of maltreated children show what attachment style?
Disorganized attachment style.
Are there cultural differences in the most common attachment styles?
Yes.
What may be a better way to categorize attachment style?
Using a dimensional approach rather than a categorical approach.
Children who were institutionalized showed what differences in oxytocin in response to caregiver interaction?
They showed no difference in oxytocin levels from baseline. They had less oxytocin than controls.
Abused children detect what kind of faces faster?
Only Anger faces.
