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Psychology of Emotions > Emotional Development and Attachment > Flashcards

Emotional Development and Attachment Flashcards

1
Q

What two general emotions do babies seem to experience?

A
  1. Pleasure. 2. Distress.
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2
Q

What emotions develop rapidly?

A

More discrete emotions.

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3
Q

By what month of age do infants typically experience all basic emotions?

A

By 9 months of age.

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4
Q

During the development of the smile, when does a reflex smile begin?

A

By 1 month of age.

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5
Q

During the development of the smile, when does a social smile appear?

A

By 6 months of age.

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6
Q

During the development of the smile, when do infants smile to other people?

A

By 7 months of age.

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7
Q

Why do infants smile to other people?

A

To encourage bonding and interaction.

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8
Q

During the development of laughing, when does laughing generally appear?

A

By 3-4 months of age during activities.

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9
Q

During the development of laughing, when does laughing occur to unexpected events?

A

By 1 year of age.

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10
Q

During the development of laughing, when does laughing occur in response to own behavior or when attempting to make others laugh?

A

By 2 years of age.

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11
Q

When does generalized distress occur in an infant?

A

From birth (hunger, pain, over-stimulation).

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12
Q

When does anger and/or sadness appear in an infant?

A

Around 2 months of age. By this time, the visible facial expression matches the situation.

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13
Q

When does fear and/or distress appear in an infant?

A

Around 7-8 months of age.

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14
Q

What is stranger wariness?

A

Distress that young children experience when they are exposed to people who are unfamiliar to them.

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15
Q

When does stranger wariness begin? When does it peak?

A

It begins around 8 months of age. It peaks around 12-15 months of age.

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16
Q

Stranger wariness means what cognitive development has occurred?

A

Memory has developed to support the recognition that not all people are their caretaker.

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17
Q

Stranger wariness means what motor development has occurred?

A

Their motor behavior has developed to support individual mobility away from the stranger.

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18
Q

Why is stranger wariness an adaptive behavior?

A

Because it emerges at the same time that the child is being to master crawling.

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19
Q

When does stranger wariness start to decline?

A

As infants learn to interpret facial expressions.

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20
Q

What is separation anxiety?

A

Intense fear or anxiety that occurs when a parent or caregiver leaves the child.

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21
Q

What cognitive development occurs around the same time that separation anxiety develops?

A

Object permanence.

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22
Q

Is there evidence that separation anxiety may be universal?

A

Yes, Chinese and US babies experience that same onset, peak, and decline patterns of separation anxiety.

23
Q

At what age is empathetic crying present?

A

It is present at birth.

24
Q

At what age is affect matching present?

A

By 10 weeks of age, infants match the expressions of their mothers.

25
Q

How do we know that infants display empathic crying at birth?

A

They show increased distress in response to hearing another infants cry as opposed to other sound stimuli.

26
Q

What might empathic crying be a precursor for?

A

It could be a precursor for empathic responding.

27
Q

When do empathic responding behaviors to simulated distress of a stranger and parent occur?

A

Between the ages of 14 and 36 months.

28
Q

What is visual discrimination?

A

Show that perceive that one thing is different than another.

29
Q

What is visual categorization?

A

Ignore natural variation in one category, and still treat two slightly different members of a category as the “same”.

30
Q

By what age do infants visually discriminate?

A

By 6 weeks, infants look longer at fear faces, according to a habituation task.

31
Q

By what age do infants visually categorize?

A

By 5 months.

32
Q

By what age do children have language for emotions?

A

By age 2.

33
Q

By what age do children have the ability to produce verbal labels for facial expressions and match a pictorial and verbal representation of an emotion.

A

By age 3.

34
Q

What are examples of Secondary (self-conscious) emotions?

A

Guilt, shame, embarrassment, and pride

35
Q

By what age do secondary emotions occur?

A

By age 3.

36
Q

What is the function of secondary emotions?

A

Group living.

37
Q

What cognitive achievements co-occur with the development of secondary emotions? (3)

A
  1. Self-reflection. 2. Self-evaluation. 3. Social Comparison.
38
Q

Who came up with the idea of imprinting?

A

Konrad Lorenz (ethology).

39
Q

What did Hoffman contribute to the idea of attachment? How did he show this idea?

A

The Reinforcement model of imprinting. 2. He had ducks imprint on red blocks.

40
Q

What are the 4 phases of attachment according to Bowlby’s attachment theory?

A
  1. Pre-attachment. 2. Attachment in the making. 3. Clear-cut Attachment. 4. Reciprocal relationships.
41
Q

What did the strange situation scenario study?

A

It measured child-caregiver security–interaction, stranger wariness, reunion.

42
Q

What is a secure attachment style?

A

Uses caregiver as secure base; is upset when s/he leaves, recover quickly.

43
Q

What is a Insecure/Resistant attachment style?

A

They don’t explore, they’re upset when caregiver leaves, ambivalent after return (mad?). Anxious.

44
Q

What is a Insecure/Avoidant attachment style?

A

They show little distress when the caregiver leaves, they ignore the caregiver ignore after their return.

45
Q

What is a Disorganized/disoriented attachment style?

A

They show an insecure, confused, absence of pattern. Dazed; freezing up.

46
Q

What is the most common attachment style? Which is the least common?

A
  1. Secure (65%). 2. Insecure/Resistant and Disorganized/disoriented (10%).
47
Q

What is a secure attachment style driven by?

A

By child’s needs.

48
Q

What is a resistant attachment style driven by?

A

By caregiver’s needs.

49
Q

48% of maltreated children show what attachment style?

A

Disorganized attachment style.

50
Q

Are there cultural differences in the most common attachment styles?

A

Yes.

51
Q

What may be a better way to categorize attachment style?

A

Using a dimensional approach rather than a categorical approach.

52
Q

Children who were institutionalized showed what differences in oxytocin in response to caregiver interaction?

A

They showed no difference in oxytocin levels from baseline. They had less oxytocin than controls.

53
Q

Abused children detect what kind of faces faster?

A

Only Anger faces.

Psychology of Emotions (16 decks)

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