Chapter 11: Gender and Emotions

Question 1

What are 3 stereotypes about gender and emotion?

Answer 1

1. Women are more emotional. 2. Men’s emotional responses are seen as more rational. 3. Women’s emotions are seen as coming from their personality.

Question 2

What kind of emotions are women more likely to be associated with?

Answer 2

Powerless emotions. Happiness, embarrassment, surprise, sadness, etc.

Question 3

What kind of emotions are men more likely to be associated with?

Answer 3

Powerful emotions: Anger, contempt, pride.

Question 4

Are stereotypes more concerned with the expression of emotion or the experience of emotion?

Answer 4

The expression of emotion.

Question 5

On self-report measures, do women report experiencing most emotions more frequently than men?

Answer 5

Yes.

Question 6

On self-report measures, do women higher intensity of positive and negative emotions than men?

Answer 6

Yes.

Question 7

Are women more susceptible to emotion contagion?

Answer 7

Yes.

Question 8

Did men or women show more expressivity while watching an emotion-eliciting film?

Answer 8

Women showed more expressivity.

Question 9

On self-report measures, do women say they express more emotions than men?

Answer 9

Yes.

Question 10

Self-report measures about specific emotion expressivity shows what?

Answer 10

The results converge with stereotypes (men report expressing powerful emotions more, women report expressing powerless emotions more).

Question 11

How does the expression of anger differ by gender?

Answer 11

Men tend to take out aggression directly by hitting or name calling. Women tend to take out anger indirectly and by crying.

Question 12

Men are mostly likely to become angry towards who? (2)

Answer 12

Other men and strangers.

Question 13

Do women directly express their anger? If not, what do they do?

Answer 13

No, they tend to vent their anger to friends.

Question 14

Which gender engages in more social referencing of facial expressions and emotional voices when they are infants?

Answer 14

Girls.

Question 15

1-year old girls show more of what kind of reactions than boys?

Answer 15

Emphatic responses.

Question 16

Which gender learns emotional language earlier?

Answer 16

Girls.

Question 17

Which gender tends to send clearer and more easily interpreted facial expressions? Except what emotion?

Answer 17

1. Women. 2. Anger.

Question 18

Buck et al., 1974 used the slide-viewing paradigm and found out what about gender differences in sending facial expressions?

Answer 18

Observers were more accurate at guessing women’s rated emotions from their facial expressions.

Question 19

Which gender is faster and more accurate at reading facial expressions of others?

Answer 19

Women.

Question 20

What is one possible explanation for why women are faster and more accurate at reading the facial expressions of others?

Answer 20

Women look more at the eyes of faces than men do, and attention to the eyes may give them a recognition advantage.

Question 21

What are three ideas about emotion knowledge that women demonstrate more than men?

Answer 21

1. Better knowledge about which emotions occur in which eliciting situations. 2. Greater emotional awareness. 3. Respond with more precise answers that
   involve more complex emotion
   understanding (granularity).

Question 22

What is emotional granularity?

Answer 22

An individual’s ability to differentiate between the specificity of their emotions.

Question 23

Which gender engages in less emotion regulation in infancy?

Answer 23

Boys.

Question 24

Relating to emotion regulation, what kind of strategies are women more likely to use? (2)

Answer 24

1. Cognitive control strategies, such as changing
   attentional focus and reappraisal. 2. Behavioral strategies, such as situation selection and
   modification.

Question 25

Tamres et al 2001 found out what about differences in emotion regulation and gender? (2)

Answer 25

1. Women use 11 (of 17) more regulation strategies than men. 2. Men tend to drink or use drugs to cope with stress.

Question 26

Wager et al. (2003) did a meta-analysis on neuro-imaging studies relating to differences in emotions and gender, and found what?

Answer 26

Men and women had comparable activation across the whole brain in response to both positive and negative stimuli.

Question 27

Plant et al. (2000) Showed participants facial expressions that were blends of sadness and anger and found out what about stereotypes about emotion and gender?

Answer 27

Female expressions perceived as sadder and less angry than male.

Question 28

Plant, Kling, & Smith (2004) manipulated the gender of faces by altering hairstyles and clothing of same faces and found out what about stereotypes about emotion and gender?

Answer 28

The same results as their previous study (Female expressions perceived as sadder and less angry than male).

Question 29

A study involving “Dana” or “David” found out what about stereotypes and differential expectations?

Answer 29

“Dana” interpreted as significantly more afraid and less angry than “David”.

Question 30

Brechet et al (2009) had children 6-11 hear stories about a boy or girl watching a video while another child is disruptive an had them draw the boy or girl’s emotion and found out what about differential expectations? (2)

Answer 30

1. Boys drew anger faces more often than girls. 2. The intensity of the anger expression was higher when the character was a boy.

Question 31

Barrett et al., 1998 had participants self-report their emotions and then keep a daily journal of their emotions, found what? What does this result suggest?

Answer 31

1. The journal showed that men and women did not differ in the emotions they experienced. 2. Suggests that stereotypes are used in self-reports.

Question 32

When are gender stereotypes strongest?

Answer 32

When people provide global, retrospective reports of their emotions.

Question 33

Do parents tend to express more positive or more negative emotions to girls?

Answer 33

More positive.

Question 34

Do parents use more complex emotion language when talking to girls?

Answer 34

Yes.

Question 35

Parents more tolerant of what kind of behavior in boys? What kind of behavior are they more tolerant to for girls?

Answer 35

1. Aggression. 2. Shyness.

Question 36

What kind of expressions are perceived more negatively in men?

Answer 36

Sadness, fear, shame and embarrassment.

Question 37

Are men more likely to receive comfort when they express sadness, fear, shame, or embarrassment?

Answer 37

No.

Question 38

A study where people were described as acting in gender-inconsistent way found what? (2)

Answer 38

1. Men were embraced more for having more for expressing powerless emotions. 2. Women expressing aggression were given less of a salary.

Question 39

In a study by Johnson and Shulman 1988 evaluating the likelihood of each gender expressing positive or negative emotions about the self and others found what? (2) (Women should be concerned with what? What are men concerned with?)

Answer 39

1. Women should be concerned with and be responsive to other people. 2. Men should be concerned with achievement and self-promotion.

Question 40

A study about prescriptive norms by Matsumoto and colleagues found what about prescriptive norms? (2) (What does each gender try to control?)

Answer 40

1. Women try to control their anger, contempt, and disgust more than men. 2. Men try to control their fear and surprise more than women.

Question 41

What did Niedenthal and colleagues 2012 find out about pacifier use during critical periods? (2)

Answer 41

1. Duration of pacifier use during infancy is associated with less spontaneous facial mimicry, less perspective taking, and lower emotional intelligence. 2. Girls did not experience these deficits.

Question 42

What is an explanation for the results from Niedenthal and colleague 2012 about pacifier use? (3)

Answer 42

1. Strong social norms that favor expressivity in girls likely plays a role in the difference. 2. Parents may go to extra lengths to emotionally stimulate girls. 3. Boys may engage in less facial mimicry as a result of less caregiver compensatory behaviors.

Question 43

A study by Rychlowska and colleagues 2014 found out what about pacifier use and adults’ perception of emotional skills and development?

Answer 43

Adults perceive both genders that use pacifiers as less emotionally skilled and developed than the same boys and girls without pacifiers.

Question 44

Do women tend to score higher on emotional intelligence measures?

Answer 44

Yes.

Question 45

Neural imaging shows what about empathy response differences in women and men (embodied simulation)?

Answer 45

Women are more likely to experience the emotions of someone else in themselves.

Question 46

Girls that spend more time with their fathers tend to show what kind of traits?

Answer 46

More aggressiveness, more positive emotions, less sadness, more competition.

Question 47

Are gender differences in emotion more prominent in Western cultures as compared to Eastern Asians cultures? What are two specific examples?

Answer 47

1. Yes. 2. Proneness to cry is more different in West. 3. Willingness to report shame and anxiety is more frequent in West.

Question 48

Are gender differences more prominent in collectivist and traditional divisions of labor?

Answer 48

No.