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Psychology of Emotions > Chapter 6: Self-Conscious Emotions > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Self-Conscious Emotions Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some examples of self-conscious emotions?

A
  1. Shame. 2. Guilt. 3. Embarrassment. 4. Pride. 5. Envy. 6. Jealousy.
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2
Q

Why do self-conscious emotions develop after basic emotions?

A

Because they require cognitive developments that occur at around 2 years of age.

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3
Q

Do self-conscious emotions all have distinct emotions?

A

No.

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4
Q

Why did self-conscious emotions emerge from an evolutionary perspective?

A

For the management of social relationships. Including: maintaining social bonds and acquiring social status.

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5
Q

What cognitive development do self-conscious emotions require?

A

They require a self-concept.

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6
Q

Having a self-concept allows for what?

A

The emerging ability of self-evaluation.

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7
Q

What does having the ability to self-evaluate mean? (3)

A
  1. Internalize standards and norms. 2. Judge own behavior. 3. Engage in social comparison.
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8
Q

What does envy involve?

A

Two entities: usually people.

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9
Q

What is envy?

A

The belief that someone else has something that you want; plus belief you will never have it.

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10
Q

According to Smith, R.H., Kim, S.H., & Parrott, W.G. (1988) study on terms used to describe jealousy and envy, what terms were related to envy?

A
  1. Motivation to improve. 2. Wishful. 3. Longing. 4. Inferior. 5. Self-aware. 6. Self-critical. 7. Dissatisfied.
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11
Q

According to Smith, R.H., Kim, S.H., & Parrott, W.G. (1988) study on terms used to describe jealousy and envy, what terms were related to jealousy?

A
  1. Suspiciousness. 2. Rejection. 3. Hostility. 4. Anger at other(s). 5. Fear of lost. 6. Hurt. 7. Cheated. 8. Desire to get even. 9. Spite. 10. Malice. 11. Intense.
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12
Q

What are the two types of envy?

A
  1. Benign Envy. 2. Malicious Envy.
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13
Q

What is benign envy? (2)

A
  1. Longing, disappointment with self. 2. A desire to emulate the envied person.
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14
Q

What is malicious envy? (2)

A
  1. Bitterness, ill will. 2. The desire to engage in destructive behavior towards the envied person.
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15
Q

According to the autobiographical study on the two types of envy, what predicted hostility?

A

Perceptions of injustice.

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16
Q

According to the autobiographical study on the two types of envy, what predicted disappointment?

A

Perceptions of inferiority.

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17
Q

What are the usual outcomes of benign envy? (3)

A
  1. Greater liking of envied person. 2. Frustration and motivation to become more like the person. 3. Enhances performance relevant tasks (functional).
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18
Q

What are the usual outcomes of malicious envy? (3)

A
  1. Associated with a sense of injustice and frustration. 2. Desire to degrade or hurt envied person. 3. Does not seem to help goal striving (dysfunctional).
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19
Q

What does jealousy involve?

A

Three entities, usually people.

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20
Q

What is jealousy?

A

Fear that a relationship is threatened.

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21
Q

According to evolutionary theory, jealousy is a what?

A

An evolved threat detector.

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22
Q

What hypotheses do evolutionary theory make about jealousy? (2)

A
  1. Males should feel more threatened by sexual infidelity. 2. Females should feel more threatened by emotional infidelity.
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23
Q

The study by Buss et al., 1992 on the evolutionary theory of jealousy and male/female reactions to sexual or emotional infidelity found what?

A

Men generally reacted more to sexual infidelity, while women generally reacted more to emotional infidelity.

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24
Q

Were the results found by Buss et al., 1992 on the evolutionary theory of jealousy and male/female reactions to sexual or emotional infidelity found cross-culturally?

A

Yes.

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25
Q

What is the double shot hypothesis? (3)

A
  1. Females assume emotional infidelity in males implies sexual infidelity will occur, so the “emotional infidelity” option worse. 2. Men believe that if sexual infidelity in females implies emotional infidelity is already present. 3. These stereotypes are a better explanation than evolutionary theory.
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26
Q

According to the study conducted by Dijkstra et al. 2001 on theories of jealousy and same sex couples, gay men showed similar patterns to who?

A

Females.

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27
Q

According to the study conducted by Dijkstra et al. 2001 on theories of jealousy and same sex couples, gay women showed similar patterns to who?

A

Men.

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28
Q

According to evolutionary theory of jealousy, what characteristics should a rival have? (2)

A
  1. Rival males should be able to provide resources and protection. 2. Rival females should be young and fertile.
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29
Q

According to a study by Dijkstra and Buunk, 2002 on jealousy and rival variables found what? (2)

A
  1. Males were more jealous when their rival was described as superior in physical strength and status. 2. Females were more jealous when their rival was described as superior in physical attractiveness.
30
Q

According to a study done by Dijkstra and Buunk (2001) on jealousy and rivals waist to hip ratio shoulder to hip ratio found what? (2)

A
  1. Males were more jealous when rivals had a wider should to hip ratio. 2. Females were more jealous when their rivals had a smaller waist to hip ratio.
31
Q

According to a study done by Dijkstra and Buunk (2001) on jealousy and rivals, straight men and gay men were more jealous when?

A

Their rival was more dominant.

32
Q

According to a study done by Dijkstra and Buunk (2001) on jealousy and rivals, straight women and gay women were more jealous when?

A

Their rival was more attractive.

33
Q

What is the self-evaluation maintenance model?

A

Maintaining a positive evaluation of the self is played out in social interaction with similar others.

34
Q

According to the self-evaluation maintenance model, in what two ways do people generally accomplish keeping a positive view of the self?

A
  1. Reflective processes. 2. Comparison processes.
35
Q

According to the self-evaluation maintenance model, what are reflective processes?

A

Close someone superior to us in a way that does not threaten our self-concept; good for self-esteem

36
Q

According to the self-evaluation maintenance model, what are comparison processes? (3)

A
  1. Achievements of close other in a domain relevant to our self-concept, we compare to them and feel bad. 2. Distance self from the other person. 3. Negatively distort perceptions of other.
37
Q

According to the self-evaluation maintenance model, jealousy should be determined by what?

A

By how rival compares on self-relevant attributes.

38
Q

What did DeSteno & Salovey, 1996 find out about the self-evaluation maintenance model of jealousy and rivals superior in different aspects?

A

People felt more jealous of a rival that was superior in some aspect that was important to them.

39
Q

What are examples of self-evaluative emotions?

A

Guilt and shame.

40
Q

What is the focus when feeling shame? What is the focus when feeling guilt?

A

The focus for shame is on the self. The focus for guilt is on the behavior.

41
Q

What is shame?

A

The evaluation of the self as bad or unworthy.

42
Q

What behaviors tend to go with shame? (2)

A
  1. The desire to hide or be smaller. 2. The desire to strike back.
43
Q

What is guilt?

A

Evaluation of the behavior as bad or hurtful.

44
Q

What behaviors tend to go with guilt?

A

The desire to make amends, apologize, or repair.

45
Q

What is counterfactual thinking?

A

The process of mentally undoing an already experienced event and imaging another outcome.

46
Q

What is important about counterfactual thinking when studying guilt and shame?

A

What people undo in order to change a passed event also tends to be judged as causal to the original outcome.

47
Q

What situations tend to induce shame? (3)

A
  1. Failure. 2. Socially inappropriate dress or behavior. 3. Sex.
48
Q

What situations tend to induce guilt? (3)

A
  1. Lying. 2. Cheating and Infidelity. 3. Stealing.
49
Q

Do feelings of guilt differ based on if the person is in public or private?

A

No.

50
Q

Is the self impaired by global devaluation when feeling shame?

A

Yes.

51
Q

Guilt is associated with concern for what?

A

With one’s effect on others.

52
Q

Shame is associated with concern for what?

A

With others evaluation of self.

53
Q

People feeling shame tend to want to undo what?

A

Some aspect of the self.

54
Q

People feeling guilt tend to want to undo what?

A

Some aspect of their behavior.

55
Q

Does embarrassment have its own separate physiology and expressions?

A

Yes.

56
Q

What seems to be unique to embarrassment?

A

Blushing.

57
Q

Is embarrassment accurately “read” by nonverbal cues?

A

Yes.

58
Q

What elements of situations tend to induce embarrassment? (3)

A
  1. Trivial failures and transgressions of norms. 2. Almost always in public. 3. Surprise of unexpectedness.
59
Q

What are the functions of embarrassment? (3)

A
  1. Communicates appeasement and the desire for forgiveness and reintegration into the group. 2. Observers feel desire to help embarrassed person. 3. Expressing embarrassment makes people more likable.
60
Q

What is pride (authentic pride)?

A

Positive assessment of the self when satisfied with meeting personal standards.

61
Q

What is hubris (hubristic pride)?

A

Smug satisfaction with the self in general (positive equivalent of global self-evaluation of shame).

62
Q

What does pride lead to? (2)

A
  1. Self-efficacy and motivation. 2. Enhanced productivity and altruism.
63
Q

What does hubris lead to?

A

Aggression and hostility.

64
Q

What kind of behaviors are associated with pride?

A

Pro-social behaviors like helping others and promoting the group.

65
Q

What kind of self-esteem is associated with hubris?

A

Variable self-esteem due to momentary social feedback.

66
Q

Is pride expressed spontaneously by 3 year old children and blind adults and across cultures?

A

Yes.

67
Q

What is a function of pride?

A

Communicating success, ensuring status in group, advertising resources.

68
Q

How can pride facilitate the attainment of status?

A

Because it motivated the development of competence and self-confidence (prestige).

69
Q

How does hubris drive attainment of status?

A

Via dominance and aggression.

70
Q

Participants made to feel proud are perceived by group members in what ways? (2)

A
  1. As behaving in ways that indicate higher status. 2. As being more likable.
71
Q

What is the balance theory of envy?

A

If two similar people have very different outcomes, then the less well-off one might perceive the well-off one as unfairly advantaged.

Psychology of Emotions (16 decks)

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