Chapter 2: Methods Flashcards
What are some examples of ethical guidelines when manipulating emotions? (3)
- Lab emotions must not surpass intensity of everyday emotions. 2. Induction should not be highly unusual. 3. Emotions must be alleviated before participants leaves.
What system is commonly used when researchers want to induce emotions using images?
The International Affective Pictures System (IAPS).
Why is IAPS used when researchers want to elicit emotions using images? (3)
- It is standardized across cultures. 2. It can induce multiple responses. 3. It is useful for neuroimaging studies
Why would researchers induce emotions using film rather than images? (2)
- Because film can produce a more prolonged emotion. 2. Specific emotions (rather than just good or bad) can be elicited.
Why might researchers not want to induce emotions using film?
Because it is difficult to isolate what exact property of the film is causing the effect.
Why can music be used to elicit emotions?
Because certain features of music are associated with particular emotions.
How can a researcher elicit emotions using memory?
By asking participants to remember an event that caused the emotion and attempt to relive that emotion.
Why might a researcher not want to use memory to elicit emotions? (3)
- Because it is not reliable. 2. Can’t study multiple outcomes. 3. Researcher demands characteristics, so there is a direct influence on the process.
Why might a researcher want to use memories to elicit emotions?
It can produce a prolonged emotional state.
How can a researcher use scripted interactions to induce emotions?
By using scripted interactions.
What is a potential problem with using scripted interactions to induce emotions? (2)
- It uses deception. 2. Participant may be suspicious.
What are the positives in using scripted interactions to induce emotions? (2)
- Realistic emotional states can be achieved. 2. Secondary emotions (i.e. guilt; shame) can be measured.
How can researcher use naturally occurring emotions to study emotions? (2)
- By using a quasi-experimental design and comparing to a control group. 2. Using the experience sampling method.
What is the experience sampling method? (2)
- Measuring emotions and other variables of interest as they are occurring in everyday life. 2. Can use ambulatory measures, psychophysiology, diary, computers, phones.
What factors must be considered when deciding which method to use? (4)
- Experimental demand (pxs. can’t know). 2. Standardization. 3. Complexity. 4. Ecological Validity.
What is ecological validity?
How similar it is to real life experiences.
What questionnaire was developed to measure emotions?
The Likert scale.
What scheme is used when measuring facial expressions?
The Facial Action Coding Scheme.
What are limits of facial recognition software? (2)
- Only knows facial expressions that it was trained on. 2. Most facial expressions are based on the facial action coding scheme.
What is a facial electromyography (EMG)?
When electrodes are placed on the surface of the skin.
What does an EMG measure? What can it capture?
- Electrical discharges caused by facial muscle contractions. 2. Can capture nonvisable movements associated with subtle or suppressed facial expression.
What does an Electroencephalography (EEG) measure?
Changes in electrical potential of neurons.
What is a drawback of an EEG?
It is not spatially precise.
What is a positive of an EEG?
It can measure temporal responses.
What does Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging measure?
Blood oxygenation in brain while participant completes a task.
What is a positive of fMRI?
It can generate a relatively fine grained map of activity throughout the brain.
What is a potential negative of fMRI?
It has less temporal precision than an EEG.
The somatic nervous system is involved with what kind of movements?
Voluntary movements.
What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?
- Sympathetic. 2. Parasympathetic.
How can you measure the peripheral nervous system?
By using blood pressure, heart beat, pupil dilation, skin conductance, etc.
What did Geschneider and Schwartz and Clore find out about studying emotions using memory recall? (3)
- The way in which a memory is retrieved determines whether an emotion is felt. 2. Retrieving the emotion in a pallid way - not focusing on the emotion of the memory, but still accurately describing the situation doesn’t reactive the original emotion. 3. Retrieval that involves attention to the vivid emotional aspects tends to reactivate the original emotion.
What is experience sampling?
Participants access the internet or use apps to complete questionnaires about their emotions throughout the day.
What is interval-contingent responding?
Filling out computer based questionnaires at regular intervals throughout the day such as morning, noon, and in the evening.
What is event-contingent responding?
Fill out questionnaires in response to specific types of events.
What is signal-contingent responding?
Completing questionnaires whenever the palmtop computer signals them to do so.
What is experimental demand?
How easy it is for experimental participants to guess what a study is designed to test.
