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Psychology of Emotions > Chapter 5: Expression of Emotion > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Expression of Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

Unlike other skeletal muscles, facial muscles are anchored to what?

A

The skin.

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2
Q

What other general features of the human face help emotional expression? (2)

A
  1. Minimal facial hair. 2. Noticeable eyebrows and lips.
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3
Q

What brain areas are responsible for voluntary facial expressions?

A

Facial motor cortex in the brainstem which receives input from the motor cortex.

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4
Q

What brain areas are responsible for involuntary facial expressions?

A

Sub-cortical areas such as the amygdala, brain stem, and hypothalamus.

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5
Q

What nerve sends sensory information back from the face?

A

The trigeminal nerve (V) muscles of the jaw.

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6
Q

What nerve pathway controls most muscles involved in expression?

A

The Facial motor nucleus in the brainstem sends motor output via Facial nerve (VII).

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7
Q

What is mobius syndrome?

A

A syndrome that results in a lack of facial expressions as a result of facial paralysis.

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8
Q

What are the two views on the causes of facial expressions?

A
  1. Emotional Expression View/Emotion Read-Out View. 2. Behavioral Ecology View.
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9
Q

What is the Emotional Expression View/Emotion Read-Out View of the cause of facial expressions?

A

Facial expressions are the involuntary manifestation of one’s emotional state.

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10
Q

What is the Behavioral Ecology View of the cause of facial expressions?

A

Facial expressions are a display of social motives and intentions.

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11
Q

Does the behavioral ecology view require an underlying emotion to be present for a facial expression?

A

No.

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12
Q

Are the two views about the causes of facial expression derived from evolutionary theory?

A

Yes, but the views disagree about how they evolved to communicate different things.

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13
Q

According to the Emotional Expression View/Emotion Read-Out View of the cause of facial expressions, expressions occur when what happens?

A

Expressions occur when a person is feeling an emotion.

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14
Q

Emotional Expression View/Emotion Read-Out View of the cause of facial expressions, are feelings and expressions part of the same affect program?

A

Yes.

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15
Q

What are three claims that the Emotional Expression View/Emotion Read-Out View of the cause of facial expressions makes?

A
  1. Expressions are functional. 2. Universal. 3. Co-occur with feelings.
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16
Q

Are there links between action tendency/function of emotion and facial movements of expression?

A

Yes. For example, Anger: action tendency=attack; facial movement protect eyes.

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17
Q

What did Susskind et al, 2008 find out about the function of facial expressions (expressions related to disgust and fear)? (2)

A
  1. Modeling of the faces shows that fear and disgust are opposites in terms of the eye and brow features. 2. Disgust “closes up the face”; fear “opens up the face”.
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18
Q

What did Susskind et al, 2008 find out about subject who express fear and disgust? (2)

A
  1. Subject expressing fear: Had subjectively larger visual fields. Made more efficient eye movements when localizing targets. Showed increased nasal volume and air velocity during breathing. 2. Those displaying disgust showed the opposites of these values.
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19
Q

Are facial expressions universal?

A

Accuracy is greater than chance across cultures supports conclusion there is some universality in emotion expression.

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20
Q

What is an example of a culture that was studied to determine if facial expressions were universal.

A

The Fore, a pre-literate culture.

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21
Q

Judo athletes from 35 countries were coded based on the FACS coding system at the determination of the match showed what? (3)

A
  1. Smiles (Duchenne) when victorious. 2. Disgust and contempt when defeated. 3. Expressed even though not facing the judge or audience when the moment occurred.
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22
Q

What are two major problems with research attempting to determine if facial expressions are universal?

A
  1. Often language-based so requires that cultures have similar emotion concepts. 2. Exposure to Western media may inflate cross-cultural similarity.
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23
Q

Do blind athletes show similar facial expressions as non-blind athletes?

A

Yes.

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24
Q

Do expressions reliably co-occur with feelings?

A

No. Meta-analyses provide limited support for this idea.

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25
Q

What are three claims that those with a behavioral ecology view of the cause facial expressions make?

A
  1. Emotional expressions communicate to other people. 2. Signal intentions/motives to others (not feelings). 3. Expression only occurs with an audience, does not have to co-occur with feelings.
26
Q

Kraut and Johnson’s study of bowlers and facial expressions found what?

A

Bowlers expressed more when they were facing the audience.

27
Q

Chovil’s study (involving telling a story through a variety of mediums) of the use of facial expression to communicate to audiences found what?

A

People made more facial expressions when they were face to face with the experimenter or when on the phone than when listening to a tape or talking through a partition.

28
Q

Are voluntary and involuntary expressions controlled in part by different neural circuits?

A

Yes.

29
Q

Do fMRI studies provide evidence that different areas of the brain are involved in voluntary and involuntary expressions?

A

Yes.

30
Q

What are cultural display rules?

A

Learned habits about how and when to express emotion.

31
Q

Describe the study describing the difference between how Americans and Japanese reacted depending if the experimenter was in the room.

A

Japanese people expressed the same as Americans when the experimenter was not in the room and they expressed less when they were in the room.

32
Q

Are different emotions associated with specific acoustic patterns?

A

Yes.

33
Q

Are cross-cultural findings about the association between emotions and acoustic patterns consistent?

A

No, they are messy like those for facial expressions.

34
Q

What is Prosody? (2)

A
  1. Emotion in the voice. 2. Patterns of pitch, loudness, duration, and voice quality that convey emotions.
35
Q

Describe the Functional vocalization origins of facial expressions. (2)

A
  1. Many mammals rely more on voice than face for emotion communication. 2. Some facial expressions could be versions of the facial movements used to produce vocalizations.
36
Q

What are the two main functions of emotions?

A
  1. Communication. 2. Recognition (Transmitting information back to the self).
37
Q

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

Feedback from the facial muscles, skin, and blood vessels can activate on-going emotional experience (i.e. the other components of emotion), especially the subjective experience of emotion (feelings).

38
Q

What is the modulation (weak) form of the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

Amplification or de-amplification of emotions already elicited by appropriate stimuli.

39
Q

What is the initiation (strong) form of the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

Facial expressions elicit specific emotions (due to hard-wired connections between components).

40
Q

What did Strack, Martin, and Stepper (pen experiment) find out about the modulation hypothesis? (2)

A
  1. They found that subjects who held a pen in their teeth thought the cartoon was funnier. 2. The results were not replicated.
41
Q

Did manipulated facial expressions produce different recall of sad or happy memories?

A

Yes.

42
Q

Slumped positions were associated with greater feelings of what?

A

Depression, expansive with pride.

43
Q

Feedback from voice has been shown to alter what?

A

Emotion.

44
Q

Do people mimic facial expressions automatically?

A

Yes.

45
Q

What is mimicry (facial expression) related to?

A

Feeling something in the self.

46
Q

Feeling something in the self helps us understand what?

A

Facial expressions.

47
Q

What did Dimberg et al. 2000 show about mimicry of subliminal facial expressions?

A

Subjects mimicked facial expressions even in the expressions are presented subliminally (they could not fully see the face).

48
Q

Subjects with a lesions in the right somatosensory cortex show defects in what?

A

Visual categorization of another person’s facial expression.

49
Q

What does preventing mimicry inhibit? (3)

A
  1. Detection of transition between happy and sad expressions. 2. Recognition of happy and disgust expressions. 3. Speed of recognizing facial expressions.
50
Q

What did Zajonc, Adelmann, Murphy, and Niedenthal find out about married couples and mimicry of facial expressions?

A

Married couples’ facial morphology converges yielding a similarity in appearance.

51
Q

Is there evidence for the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

Some.

52
Q

Blocking facial expressions does what to the amygdala of the other person?

A

It reduces activity in the amygdala.

53
Q

What do proprioceptors do?

A

They tell the brain how stretched or contracted a muscle is so you can know the position of your arm without looking at it.

54
Q

What do mechanoreceptors do?

A

They provide information about the changes in the position and warping of the skin of your face.

55
Q

Where are proprioceptors located?

A

In most skeletal muscles.

56
Q

Where are mechanoreceptors located?

A

In the facial muscles.

57
Q

What nerve is associated with the lifting of the eyeballs, as in surprise, governs pupil dilation, and the movements of the eyeball?

A

The occulomotor nerve.

58
Q

What nerve is implicated in chewing and the clenching of the jaw?

A

The trigeminal nerve.

59
Q

What are point-light display portrayals? What do they test?

A

Actors act out movements in a dark room while wearing full body suits with reflective material at a few important part of the bodies. It tests emotion recognition that occurs due to seeing body movements.

60
Q

Describe the results of point-light display portrayal studies. What do the results suggest?

A

Participants were able to categorizes moves according to emotion. This suggests that very little information is required to detect an emotion in the body.

61
Q

What is the theory of embodied simulation?

A

A theory of emotion perception that says that people can use their own brain and motor emotion systems to recreate or simulate, the expressions of others, which gives them immediate access to the emotions underlying the perceived expressions.

Psychology of Emotions (16 decks)

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