Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology of Emotions > Chapter 3: The Emotional Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 3: The Emotional Brain Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What two studies inspired the thinking that the limbic system was linked to emotions?

A
  1. Removal of the limbic system in monkey caused diminished fear and hyper-sexuality. 2. Electrode studies - “self-stimulation” in rats - presses bar past exhaustion for a limbic jolt.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What kind of theorists tended to endorse the locationist view?

A

Evolutionary theorists.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the locationist view of how the brain and emotions are connected?

A

There are specific areas or systems in brain are responsible for generating specific emotions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the historical view of the amygdala?

A

Associated with fear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why did people historically think the amygdala was associated with fear? (2)

A
  1. Because when it was lesioned, fear conditioning didn’t take place. 2. Amygdala responded more to fear eyes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do we know about the amygdala now? (3)

A
  1. Not selected for fear. 2. Implicated in other emotions, some positive. 3. Seems to be involved in detecting stimuli relevant to one’s goals. “Salience detection.”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do we know about the insula? (2)

A
  1. It is associated with experience and expression of disgust. 2. Possible role in maintenance and monitoring of bodily states.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What kind of theorists endorse the constructionist view of brain and emotion connection?

A

Psychological constructionists.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What brought on the constructionist viewpoint?

A

The failure to pinpoint locations of emotions in the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the constructionist view of how the brain and emotions are connected?

A

Focus on how mental processes are distributed throughout the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

According to people who believe the constructionist view of how the brain and emotions are connected, what is innate? (2)

A
  1. Core affect. 2. Valence and arousal generated by distributed systems.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which viewpoint do fMRI studies tend to support?

A

The constructionist viewpoint, since they identify general systems; no “discrete” emotion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where do people who believe in the constructionist view of how the brain and emotions are connected think the core affect originates?

A

In the limbic system and is elaborated by language, attention, and concepts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the problem with fMRI studies?

A

They do not allow us to measure true emotions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the right hemisphere hypothesis? (2)

A
  1. “Emotions controlled by right hemisphere.” 2. fMRI and EEG studies failed to find much support for this hypothesis.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the Valence hypothesis?

A

“Right hemisphere = neg. emotion expression and production and left = pos.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the evidence for the valence hypothesis? (2)

A
  1. Sedating one side of the hemisphere produces different moods. 2. EEG recording during emotion perception and experience.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What type of evidence does the valence hypothesis lack?

A

fMRI studies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the approach-withdrawal hypothesis? (3)

A
  1. “Right = avoid; Left = approach.” 2. Approach motivation: move towards stimulus; drive to engage and interact with it. 3. Avoidance/withdrawal motivation: urge to escape, repeat, disengage.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What idea did the discovery of mirror neurons challenge?

A

The idea that most vision processing occurred in the occipital lobe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When do mirror neurons fire? What do they help us comprehend?

A

During production and perception of action. They allow us to comprehend the actions of others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the mirror neuron system believed to be a part of?

A

A system that mediates empathy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What did fMRI studies reveal about mirror neurons? (2)

A
  1. That MNS areas plus limbic areas become activated during the observation of emotional faces. 2. They become more activated during imitation of an emotional facial expression.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex associated with? (3)

A
  1. Emotion regulation. 2. Long-term planning of emotions, motives, and actions. 3. Lesions cause troubles applying rules and anticipating punishment.
25
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

It prepares the organism to react to important events such as during fight or flight.

26
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

It is associated with rest, digestion, and restoration of the body.

27
Q

What is the Triune brain model? Is it accepted today?

A

The idea that the brain is composed of three main parts: neomammalian, paleomammalian, and reptilian. It is not accepted today.

28
Q

What brain part may be associated with the origin of sadness?

A

The anterior cingulate cortex.

29
Q

What brain part may be associated with the origin of anger?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex.

30
Q

What brain part has been associated with happiness?

A

The supplementary motor area (a medial part of the cortex involved in motor control).

31
Q

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation?

A

Using a magnetic field generator, or coil, which is held just above the head, causing small electric currents in the region of the brain, inhibiting that region for a brief time.

32
Q

Do hormones cause behaviors?

A

No, they just change the probability that a particular behavior will be displayed in the appropriate social context.

33
Q

What is epinephrine production mediated by?

A

The sympathetic nervous system.

34
Q

What does epinephrine generally do?

A

Increases cardiac output and results in alertness and arousal.

35
Q

What are steroid hormones secreted by?

A

The gonads and the adrenal glands.

36
Q

What are the steroid hormones involved in? (2)

A
  1. Attraction. 2. Aggression.
37
Q

How can you test the effects of testosterone in animals? (3)

A
  1. Inhibition of production. 2. Receptor inhibition. 3. Injection.
38
Q

What kind of aggression increases after puberty? Why?

A

Inter-male and territorial aggression. Because of the increase of testosterone during puberty.

39
Q

Do violent women criminals have higher testosterone than non-violent female criminals?

A

Yes.

40
Q

What is maternal aggression associated with?

A

Ovarian hormones (progesterone).

41
Q

What is maternal aggression?

A

Aggression towards intruders by lactating mothers during the rearing of offspring.

42
Q

What study did Macrae et al. do? What were the results?

A

Showed women at different times in their cycles pictures of both genders and asked participants to choose male or female. Females were able to see male faces faster during non-fertile phase of cycle.

43
Q

Do women prefer symmetry during the fertile days of their cycle?

A

Yes.

44
Q

When do women prefer more masculine faces and deeper voices?

A

When they are ovulating. (During the fertile part of their cycle.)

45
Q

Do women fantasize more about people other than their partner (but still equal amounts about their partner) during the fertile part of their cycle?

A

Yes.

46
Q

What are the two main neuropeptides?

A
  1. Oxytocin. 2. Vasopressin.
47
Q

Where is oxytocin produced?

A

In the hypothalamus.

48
Q

Where is oxytocin released?

A

In the pituitary gland.

49
Q

How does oxytocin act?

A

As a neuromodulator.

50
Q

What hormone regulates oxytocin?

A

Estrogen.

51
Q

What physical behaviors can oxytocin cause?

A

Contractions and lactation.

52
Q

Is oxytocin the basis of the mother-baby bond?

A

Yes.

53
Q

What is the function of oxytocin? (4)

A
  1. Bonding and romantic love. 2. Sexual attraction. 3. Empathy. 4. Trust.
54
Q

How do we know that oxytocin/vasopressin is associated with bonding?s

A

Because of voles. Monogamous prairie voles have more vasopressin receptors in the reward pathway. Mountain voles have same number of receptors but in different areas.

55
Q

What happens if you block vasopressin receptors in prairie voles?

A

They are no longer monogamous.

56
Q

What happens if you inject mountain voles with vasopressin?

A

They become monogamous.

57
Q

How do we know that oxytocin plays a role in empathy? (3)

A
  1. Because people given a dose of oxytocin identified facial expressions more accurately and quickly. 2. Improves facial recognition in those with autism spectrum disorder. 3. Couples given injections fought “nicer.”
58
Q

What are the three models that attempt to explain the functions of oxytocin?

A
  1. Trust. 2. Social Memory (improves recognition of kin). 3. Fear/stress reduction.
59
Q

Which model of how oxytocin exerts its effects is most accurate?

A

Fear/stress reduction.

Psychology of Emotions (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions