Emerging viruses

Question 1

what is the def of an emerging virus

Answer 1

causative agent of a new or previously unrecognized infection

Question 2

what are the factors that influence disease emergence

Answer 2

-globalization, rapid air travel
-altered ecosystems
-deforestation, megacities, poverty
-expanding population
-microbial evolution

Question 3

roles of evolution

Answer 3

-leads to the biodiversity of pathogens existing in nature
-adaptation to new hosts and environments through variation and selection

Question 4

what are the interactions of hosts and viruses

Answer 4

-stable: maintaines virus in the cosystems
-evolving: passage of virus to naive pop
-dead-end: one way to different species
-resistant: infection blocked

Question 5

stable host virus interactions

Answer 5

-both participants survive and multiply
-some are effectively permanent like humans are the sole natural hosts for measles and herpes
-may include infections to more than one species

Question 6

evolving hopst virus interactions

Answer 6

-hallmarks are instability and unpredictability
-outcome of infection may range from benign to death

Question 7

dead end host virus interaction

Answer 7

-frequent outcome of cross species infection: like ebola to humans
-contributes little to the spread of a natural infection

Question 8

resistant hosty virus interactions

Answer 8

-situation in which the host blocks infection of the virus completely
-vast majority of human encounters with viruses are uneventful and are not able to initiate an infection

Question 9

determinants of disease emergence and presistance

Answer 9

-infectious agent: genetic instability of the virus, cell tropism
-Hist: individuals and pop level
-environment: human activities

Question 10

what cause the polio emergence

Answer 10

• Rural communities had poor sanitation and children were infected at an early age (protected by maternal antibodies)
• Improved sanitation delayed transmission

Question 11

what is hantavirus

Answer 11

-an emerging virus
-hemorrhagic fever
-bunyavirus
-transmitted to humans through rodent urine, saliva or poop

Question 12

true or false: hantavirus outbreak was facilitated by climate change

Answer 12

true

Question 13

handra virus

Answer 13

-from australia
-paramyxoviridae
-severe respiratory and neurological diseases in humans and horses

Question 14

nipah virus

Answer 14

-malaysia
-paramixovirus
-found in pigs
-acute respiratory syndrome and encephalitis
-reservoir: bats and poop and pee

Question 15

Marburg

Answer 15

-1997 animal facility identifies Marburg virus
-same virus fam as ebola Ebola after a river in DRC

Question 16

true or false: ebola has a multi system involvment

Answer 16

true

Question 17

true or false: ebola has a broad tissue tropism

Answer 17

true

Question 18

whare does marburg virus comes from

Answer 18

bats

Question 19

why are bats so good at infecting us

Answer 19

-long evolutionary history
-huge diversity
-they can fly
-they also express infa
-hibernate

Question 20

special characteristics about bats

Answer 20

-social af aka they live close to eachothjer
-echolocation’
-are everywhere except Antarctica
-long ass life span
-eating behaviors

Question 21

how can host range be expanded

Answer 21

by
-mutation
-recombination
-reassortment