CoronaVirus

Question 1

Where did the sars cov 1 started

Answer 1

in china and then it spreaded

Question 2

how was sars cov 1 transmitted

Answer 2

Droplet infection, aerosolization, fomites, contaminated stool

Question 3

clinical symptoms od sars cov 1

Answer 3

• 2-10 day incubation period (contagious)
• Lower respiratory tract illness (viral pneumonitis)
• Fever, myalgia, malaise, chills, dry cough, shortness of breath, lymphopenia, decreased platelet counts, prolonged coagulation, elevated hepatic enzymes
• 10-20% require mechanical ventilation

Question 4

who got the most killed by the of covid

Answer 4

old people

Question 5

How was the og covid first descrived as

Answer 5

infectious atypical pneumonia

Question 6

How did they realized what the og covid was

Answer 6

etiological agent was identified as a new coronavirus not previously endemic to humans

Question 7

Where the mers comes from

Answer 7

saudi arabia

Question 8

which country in asia did mers get to

Answer 8

korea

Question 9

epidemiological investigation regarding mers showed that?

Answer 9

-mers is circulating in dromedary camels as early as 1933
-subssequently isolated from bats

Question 10

true or false: in mers, secondary infection is worse than the first

Answer 10

false, the first is worse than the second

Question 11

what are super spreaders

Answer 11

• host that is infected with a disease that infects more secondary contacts than other hosts who are also infected with the same disease
  -they may not show any symptoms of the disease
  -high concern in epidemiology

Question 12

what is the rule in epidemiology for the spread ld virus

Answer 12

20% of infected people infect 80% of the people that get infected

Question 13

what can limit pathogen spread

Answer 13

-early diagnosis
-early discovery
-early intervention
-quarantine
failure of any of these factors can lead to prolonged and sustained pathogen transmission

Question 14

What is the basic reproduction Number aka R0

Answer 14

-# of cases one case generates on average over the course of its infectious period, in an otherwise uninfected population
-When R0 < 1, infection will die out in the long run
-But, when R0 > 1, the infection will be able to spread in a population

Question 15

True or false: the lower the R value is the harder it is to deal with the virus

Answer 15

false
the higher the R value is, the harder it is to deal with the virus

Question 16

facts about coronavirus fam

Answer 16

*Due to the appearance under electron microscopy of the viral spike peplomers
-Enveloped viruses Coiled helical capsid
-120-160 nm in diameter Genome: (+) ssRNA
-Monopartite, linear
-27-32 kb in length!

Question 17

which virus is the largest rna virus

Answer 17

covid

Question 18

what can coronavirus cause

Answer 18

-respiratory illnesses in humans
-important vetenary disease: peritonitis, pneumonia, gastroenteritis and hepatitis
-30% of common colds in humans
-may cause gastroenterisis and encephalitis rarely

Question 19

is there treatments for coronaviruses

Answer 19

no

Question 20

does coronaviruses contain any cap or poly a tail

Answer 20

it has a cap and a tail

Question 21

which end encodes for a poly protein in the coronavirus fam

Answer 21

the 5’ end
-proteolytically cleaved to generate non structural proteins: nsp

Question 22

what what does the 3’ end in coronaviruses encode for

Answer 22

-four structural proteins
-spike (s)
-membrane (M)
-envelipe (E)
-nucleocapsid (N)
-accessory proteins -unique to each virus species

Question 23

which protein of covid binds to the host cell

Answer 23

spike

Question 24

cellular entry of covid

Answer 24

• SARS binds to Angiotensin Converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and L- SIGN (a lectin)
  
  • The virus envelope fuses with the plasma membrane or an endosomal membrane
• Spike protein(s) mediate attachment and fusion

Question 25

Polyprotein processing with covid

Answer 25

-the replicase gene is directly translated from genomic rna into viral polyproteins(pp1a and pp1ab)
-comprised of orf1a and orf1b
-ribosomes translating orf1a can pause at a pseudoknot and frameshift allowing translation of orf1b

Question 26

nsp’s are responsible for what in covid

Answer 26

Nsps are responsible for:
* Polyprotein processing
- Proteases
* RNA replication
- RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
- RNA helicase
- Replication complex
formation
- RNA cap formation
- RNA modifying enzymes

Question 27

what does nsp14 do in covid

Answer 27

it is the proofreading proteins=less mutations

Question 28

true or false: replication complexes are associated with nucleus membrane in covid

Answer 28

false, it is cytoplasmic

Question 29

Covid replication complexes

Answer 29

Replication complexes are the sites of viral RNA synthesis
* Altered membrane structures are virally-induced
* Reticulovesicular network of modified membranes
* Modifications include: double membrane vesicles (DMVs), vesicle packets (VPs), and convoluted membranes (CMs)
* Encapsidation (packaging) also occurs at these sites

Question 30

does covid uses continuous or discontinuous translation?

Answer 30

discontinuous translation

Question 31

in covid: non-replicase proteins are expressed from…..

Answer 31

-non-replicase proteins are expressed from nested subgenomic mrna

Question 32

Base-pairing of the Transcriptional Regulatory Sequences (TRS) results in

Answer 32

Base-pairing of the Transcriptional Regulatory Sequences (TRS) results in discontinuous transcription of minus-sense subgenomic RNAs that give rise to a ‘nested’ set of mRNAs

Question 33

Nested subgenomic mRNAs have common …

Answer 33

3’ ends and 5’ leader sequences (encoded at the 5’ end of the genomic RNA)

Question 34

viral packaging, assembly and release of covdi

Answer 34

-Encapsidation (packaging) and budding occurs on altered cellular membranes
burst
-ER-Golgi Intermediate Compartment (ERGIC)
* Virions are released from the
cell by exocytosis of secretory vesicles

Question 35

Evolution of coronaviruses

Answer 35

• Subtle changes (e.g. in the Spike protein) can alter tissue tropism,
  -host range, and pathogenicity Changes occur by:
  High error rate of the coronavirus RNA polymerase
  RNA-RNA recombination events (arising from discontinuous transcription)

Question 36

true or false: we were lucky with covid

Answer 36

true, we were
(SARS-CoV-1 R0 = 2.7; IAV = 5-25)