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ENT Medicine > Embryology of Head and Neck > Flashcards

Embryology of Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the definitive endoderm and mesoderm?

A

Invagination of the epiblast cells through the primitive streak

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2
Q

What are the three main groups of mesoderm?

A

Paraxial, intermediate and lateral plate

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3
Q

What are cervical cysts?

A

Remnants of the cervical sinus

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4
Q

What tends to cause fistulas?

A

When cervical cysts communicates with the external environment

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5
Q

Where are cervical cysts and fistulas usually located?

A

Typically found along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid

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6
Q

Are cervical cysts present at birth?

A

No = usually enlarge during childhood

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7
Q

How does the tongue appear in the 4th week of development?

A

Two lateral swellings and one midline swelling

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8
Q

What structures develop soon after the tongue appears in week 4 of development?

A

More midline swellings, copula and epiglottal

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9
Q

Where is the mucosa of the tongue derived from?

A 
Anterior = derived from CN V3
Posterior = derived from CN IX
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10
Q

Where do myoblasts originate from?

A

Occipital somites

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11
Q

Which nerve innervates myoblasts?

A

CN XII

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12
Q

What does the inferior migration of the thyroid tissue cause?

A

Accessory glands or remnants

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13
Q

Which ventral facial structures arise from the first pharyngeal arch?

A

Maxilla, mandible, zygomatic and temporal (squamous part) bones, muscles of mastication

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14
Q

Which ventral facial features are formed from the second pharyngeal arch?

A

Muscles of facial expression

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15
Q

What forms the upper and mid-facial structures?

A

Proliferating mesenchyme ventral to developing brain

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16
Q

What are the five facial swellings present from week 5?

A

Frontonasal prominence (with nasal placodes), maxillary prominence (x2), mandibular prominence (x2)

17
Q

What does the stomodeum surround?

A

The primitive oral cavity

18
Q

What forms the nasal placodes?

A

The ectodermal thickenings on the frontonasal prominence

19
Q

What are the 4 additional swellings that develop on the frontonasal prominence on week 5?

A

Medial nasal swelling (x2), lateral nasal swelling (x2)

20
Q

What structure forms from the nasolacrimal groove?

A

Nasolacrimal duct = canalisation of solid epithelial cord in floor of the groove after it detaches from ectoderm

21
Q

What are the components of the upper lip?

A

Medial nasal prominences (x2), maxillary prominences (x2)

22
Q

What component makes up the lower lip?

A

Mandibular prominence

23
Q

What are the components of the nose?

A

Frontonasal prominence = bridge, nasal septum
Medial nasal prominence = crest and tip
Lateral nasal prominence = alae

24
Q

What forms the intermaxillary segment?

A

The fusion of the medial prominences of the primary palate

25
Q

What does the intermaxillary segment go on to form?

A

Labial portion = philtrum of upper lip
Upper jaw component = carries 4 incisors
Palatal component = form primary palate

26
Q

When do the uvula and incisive foramen form?

A

From week 10

27
Q

What happens to the nasal pits as they deepen?

A

They penetrate into the underlying mesenchyme with forward growth of the frontonasal prominence

28
Q

What does the intermaxillary segment connect to as it is forming?

A

The nasal fin

29
Q

What causes the developing nasal sac to open?

A

The vacuolising and thinning of the nasal fin

30
Q

How do the nasal cavities communicate with the oral cavity in the foetus?

A

Via the primitive choanae behind the primitive palate

31
Q

What happens with the formation of the secondary plate?

A

Definite choanae open at the junction of the nasal cavity with the pharynx

32
Q

Where do the right and left palatal shelves develop?

A

Parallel to the tongue

33
Q

Where does the secondary palate fuse initially?

A

In the central region, then expands anteriorly and posteriorly

34
Q

What does mandibular development facilitate?

A

The clearance of the tongue

35
Q

What causes cleft palates?

A

Error in fusion of the palate

ENT Medicine (22 decks)

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