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ENT Medicine > Anatomy of Ear and Taste > Flashcards

Anatomy of Ear and Taste Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the external ear collects soundwaves?

A

The pinna (auricle) = funnels soundwaves into the external acoustic meatus

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2
Q

What part of the pinna does the vagus nerve supply?

A

The inferior parts of the external auditory meatus and tympanic membrane

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3
Q

What are the nerves that supply the pinna?

A

Lesser occipital nerve (CN II, III), vagus nerve (CN X), auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3), greater auricular nerve (CN II, III)

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4
Q

What is the main function of the tympanic cavity?

A

To conduct soundwaves in the air towards the fluid-filled cavities of the inner ear

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5
Q

What kind of mechanism is the hearing of the tympanic cavity described as?

A

Bone conduction mechanism

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6
Q

Why do the ossicles of the tympanic cavity decrease in size as they go from lateral to medial?

A

Amplifies soundwaves

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7
Q

What facilitates and controls the movements of the ossicles?

A

The tympanic cavity

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8
Q

What is the tympanic cavity?

A

Air-filled cavity within the temporal bone

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9
Q

What are the names of the ossicles, from medial to lateral?

A

Stapes, incus, malleus

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10
Q

What does the footplate of the stapes connect with?

A

The oval window = connects middle ear with vestibule of inner ear

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11
Q

What do the synovial joints in the tympanic cavity allow for?

A

The smooth movement of the ossicles

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12
Q

What suspends the ossicles from the tegmen tympani (roof of cavity)?

A

Ligaments

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13
Q

What are both the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles part of?

A

The auditory reflex

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14
Q

What is the stapedius tendon attached to?

A

The pyramidal eminence of the tympanic cavity

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15
Q

Where does the tensor tympani run from?

A

Cartilaginous portion of Eustachian tube to the handle of the malleus

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16
Q

What is the function of the tensor tympani?

A

Dampens sound by reducing vibrations of tympanic membrane (reduces noise form chewing)

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17
Q

What nerve innervates the tensor tympani?

A

CN V3

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18
Q

Where does the stapedius muscle run from?

A

From pyramidal eminence to the neck of stapes

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19
Q

What is the function of the stapedius muscle?

A

Dampens sound by reducing vibrations of the stapes on the oval window

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20
Q

What is the innervation of stapedius?

A

CN VII

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21
Q

What facilitates ossicular movement?

A

Air in the tympanic cavity

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22
Q

What is the normal (and ideal) relationship between the atmospheric pressure and the pressure in the middle ear?

A

They are equal to each other

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23
Q

What impact can changes of atmospheric pressure have on the ossicles?

A

Can impact the vibrations of the ossicles

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24
Q

What is the function of the palate muscles?

A

Open the Eustachian tube to equalise pressure in the middle ear to the atmospheric pressure

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25
Q

What does an atmospheric pressure than that of the middle ear cause?

A

Makes the tympanic membrane push in

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26
Q

What does an atmospheric pressure less than that of the middle ear cause?

A

Makes the tympanic membrane push out

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27
Q

What can an unmatched atmospheric and middle ear pressure cause?

A

Reduced vibration of the ossicles and creates potential for barotrauma

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28
Q

What are the other names for the Eustachian tube?

A

Auditory tube, pharyngotympanic tube

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29
Q

Where does the Eustachian tube connect?

A

Connects anterior wall of middle ear cavity to the nasopharynx

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30
Q

What is the function of the Eustachian tube?

A

To equalise middle ear pressure to that of the atmosphere

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31
Q

How can otitis media arise?

A

Bacteria/virus uses Eustachian tube to move from pharynx/tonsils into middle ear

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32
Q

Why can tonsillitis and pharyngitis mimic otalgia?

A

The tonsils and the middle ear are both innervated by CN IX

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33
Q

What gives sensory innervation to the nasopharynx and oropharynx?

A

Mostly CN IX

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34
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the laryngopharynx?

A

Mostly CN X

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35
Q

Where do the general sensory axons from the tympanic plexus pass down?

A

Eustachian tube

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36
Q

What conveys general sensation to the tympanic cavity mucosa?

A

CN IX via the tympanic plexus

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37
Q

What is the outflow of the tympanic branch of CN IX?

A

Goes to tympanic plexus overlying the promontory, then to lesser petrosal nerve (autonomic nerve supply to parotid gland)

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38
Q

What kind of nerve fibres are in the tympanic branch of CN IX?

A

General sensory and pre-ganglionic parasympathetic axons

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39
Q

What is the mastoid antrum continuous with?

A

The tympanic cavity (lined with mucosa)

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40
Q

Where is the opening (aditus) of the mastoid antrum?

A

Located in the posterior wall of the epitympanic recess

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41
Q

What can mastoiditis lead to?

A

Osteomyelitis

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42
Q

What can the mastoid be used to gain surgical access to?

A

The tympanic cavity

43
Q

What structure is at risk of damage in mastoid antrum surgery?

A

The facial nerve = mastoid is closely related to facial canal

44
Q

What forms the promontory of the inner ear?

A

Cupula of the cochlea

45
Q

Where is the otic capsule located?

A

Located in the temporal bone

46
Q

What is different about the bone that makes up the otic capsule?

A

The bone is denser than the rest of the temporal bone = otic capsule bone is fully developed at birth

47
Q

What surrounds the otic capsule?

A

Less dense membrane of the mastoid part of the temporal bone

48
Q

What are the two labyrinths that make up the otic capsule?

A

Bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth

49
Q

What is the bony labyrinth?

A

Cavity of the otic capsule = filled with perilymph (similar to extracellular fluid)

50
Q

Where is the membranous labyrinth located?

A

Suspended within the bony labyrinth of the otic capsule = filled with endolymph (similar to intracellular fluid)

51
Q

What are the roles of the different sections of the ear in hearing?

A

External ear collects soundwaves, middle ear conducts, cochlear apparatus of inner ear converts soundwaves

52
Q

What do soundwaves do to the tympanic membrane?

A

Make the tympanic membrane vibrate = vibrations are transmitted through ossicles

53
Q

Where do the vibrations of the ossicles caused by soundwaves spread to?

A

The footplates vibrates into the oval window = vibration of stapes creates pressure wave in perilymph

54
Q

What do the pressure waves in the perilymph cause?

A

Hair cells in the cochlea are moved = APs stimulated and conveyed to the brain by the cochlear nerve

55
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the cochlear nerve?

A

CN VIII

56
Q

What happens to pressure waves once they have stimulated APs in the cochlea?

A

They descend and become vibrations again

57
Q

What does the round window of the cochlea do to pressure waves?

A

Dampens them

58
Q

What detects auditory stimuli in the cochlear apparatus?

A

Receptor hair cells in the organ of Corti

59
Q

Where is the organ of Corti located?

A

On the basilar membrane of the cochlear duct

60
Q

What is the cochlear canal divided into?

A

The scala vestibuli and the scala tympani

61
Q

Which ligaments suspends the cochlear duct and divides the cochlear canal into two?

A

The spiral ligament

62
Q

What areas of the ear would cause conductive hearing loss?

A

The middle or external ear

63
Q

What area of the ear would cause sensorineural hearing loss?

A

The inner ear

64
Q

What is the vestibular apparatus responsible for?

A

Balance and perception of head movement

65
Q

What detects movement of endolymph in response to head movement?

A

Hair cells of vestibular apparatus = clusters of hair cells in regions of membranous labyrinth (maculae, ampulla of ducts)

66
Q

What are the three semi-circular canals of the vestibular apparatus?

A

Posterior, lateral and anterior

67
Q

What detects angular movement change?

A

Semi-circular ducts

68
Q

What detects linear movement change?

A

Utricle detects horizontal movement and saccule detects vertical movement

69
Q

Where do the semi-circular canals connect with?

A

The vestibule

70
Q

What are the parts of the bony labyrinth?

A

Vestibule, semi-circular canals and the cochlear

71
Q

What are the parts of the membranous labyrinth?

A

Semi-circular ducts, saccule and utricle, cochlear duct

72
Q

Where are the saccule and the utricle located?

A

Within the vestibule

73
Q

How are the three semi-circular canals orientated to each other?

A

At right angles to each other (form 2/3 of a circle) = anterior is in sagittal plane, lateral is in axial plane, posterior is in coronal plane

74
Q

What do the ampullae of the semi-circular canals have?

A

Internal crests with hair cell clusters

75
Q

What does head movement do?

A

Moves hair cells relative to the endolymph causing depolarisation

76
Q

What structures flow through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

CN VII, CN VIII, labyrinthine artery and veins

77
Q

What is the labyrinthine artery a branch of?

A

Inferior cerebellar artery = from circle of Willis

78
Q

What are the modalities of the facial nerve?

A

Parasympathetic secretomotor supply, special sensation of taste, somatic motor, general sensory

79
Q

What are some structures supplied by the facial nerve?

A

Lacrimal gland, minor glands of nasal cavity/palate/nasopharynx, anterior 2/3 of tongue, sublingual and submandibular glands, muscles of facial expression

80
Q

What would be some signs of facial nerve dysfunction?

A 
Parasympathetic = dry eyes, mouth or mucosa
Motor = facial paralysis
81
Q

What is the course of the cranial portion of the facial nerve?

A

Leaves brain stem at pontomedullary junction from the cerebellopalatine angle and enters internal acoustic meatus

82
Q

What cranial nerves are contained within the cerebellopalatine angle?

A

CN VII and CN VIII

83
Q

What is the course of the temporal portion of the facial nerve?

A

Travels through temporal bone in close relationship to middle ear, leaves temporal bone through stylomastoid foramen

84
Q

What are the temporal branches of the facial nerve?

A

Nerve to stapedius, greater petrosal nerve

85
Q

What kind of nerve fibres are within the greater petrosal nerve?

A

Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic axons

86
Q

What is the course of the extratemporal portion of the facial nerve?

A

Courses towards and through the parotid gland, splits into six branches

87
Q

What is the course of the chorda tympani of the facial nerve?

A

Leaves tympanic cavity via petrotympanic fissure, courses between incus and malleus, branches from facial nerve in facial canal

88
Q

Where does the chorda tympani innervate?

A

Conveys taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue, pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres to submandibular ganglion

89
Q

What nerve gives general sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Lingual nerve = CN V3

90
Q

What nerves join together to give secretomotor supply to the submandibular and sublingual glands?

A

The chorda tympani (CN VII) and the lingual nerve ( CN V3) = submandibular ganglion

91
Q

What kind of fibres does the geniculate ganglion have?

A

Sensory from CN VII

92
Q

What fibres are in the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

Parasympathetic = innervated by greater petrosal nerve (CN VII)

93
Q

What innervates the posterior 1/3 (vertical) of the tongue?

A

Taste and general sensation by CN IX

94
Q

Which part of the tongue is within the oral cavity?

A

The anterior 2/3

95
Q

What innervates the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

General sensory by CN V3, taste by CN VII

96
Q

Which papillae do not have taste buds?

A

Filiforme taste buds = responsible for touch and temperature sensation

97
Q

Which gland should produce earwax?

A

Ceruminous and sebaceous glands

98
Q

What is the umbo?

A

Shallow cone like depression in the tympanic membrane

99
Q

Where is the cone of light of the tympanic membrane located?

A

Anteroinferiorly from the umbo

100
Q

What’s is the flaccid part of the tympanic membrane called?

A

Pars flaccida = superior to attachment of malleus

101
Q

What is present in the pars tensa that is absent in the pars flaccida?

A

Radial and circular fibres

102
Q

Where is the epitympanic recess located?

A

Space superior to to the tympanic membrane

103
Q

What is the role of the tegmen tympani?

A

Separates tympanic cavity from the dura on the floor of the middle cranial fossa

104
Q

What is the anteroinferior relation of the mastoid antrum?

A

The facial canal

ENT Medicine (22 decks)

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