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Anatomy of the Nose Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the skeleton of the external nose?

A

Mainly cartilaginous

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2
Q

Where is the dorsum of the external nose located?

A

Extends from root of the nose to its tip

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3
Q

What are the nares?

A

Nostrils = bound laterally by alae of nose, pierce inferior surface of nose

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4
Q

What is different about the skin over the nasal cartilage?

A

Thicker than skin over nasal bone and contains sebaceous glands

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5
Q

What are vibrissae?

A

Stiff hairs of the nasal vestibule = usually moist, filter dust particles form air entering the nasal cavity

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6
Q

Where is the junction of the skin and the mucous membrane of the external nose?

A

Junction is beyond the hair bearing area of the vestibule

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7
Q

What are the cartilaginous components of the external nose?

A

Two lateral cartilages, two alar cartilages, one septal cartilage

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8
Q

What are the alar cartilages of the external nose?

A

U shaped, free and moveable cartilage = dilate or constrict nares when nasal muscles contract

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9
Q

What does the nasal septum do?

A

Divides the chamber of the nose into two cavities = has bony part and soft mobile cartilaginous parts

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10
Q

What are the main components of the nasal septum?

A

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, vomer, septal cartilage

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11
Q

What part of the nasal septum does the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone form?

A

Forms superior part of septum (thin plate) = descends from cribriform plate

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12
Q

What is the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone continued superiorly as?

A

The crista galli

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13
Q

What part of the septum does the vomer make?

A

Postero-inferior part (thin flat bone)

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14
Q

What structures contribute to the vomer?

A

The nasal crest of the maxillary and palatine bones

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15
Q

What kind of articulation does the septal cartilage have with the bony cartilage of the nasal septum?

A

Tongue-and-groove articulation

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16
Q

What is the anterior entrance to the nasal cavity?

A

The nares

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17
Q

What is the posterior opening of the nasal cavity into the nasopharynx?

A

Enters through the chonae

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18
Q

What lines the nasal cavity?

A

Mucosa = exception is vestibule, which is lined by skin

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19
Q

What is the mucosa of the nasal cavity bound to?

A

Firmly bound to the periosteum and perichondrium of the supporting bones and cartilages of the nose

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20
Q

What are the structures that the nasal cavity communicates with?

A

Nasopharynx posteriorly, paranasal sinuses superiorly and laterally, lacrimal sac and conjunctiva superiorly

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21
Q

How is the mucosa of the nasal cavity divided?

A

Inferior 2/3 of mucosa is the respiratory area, superior 1/3 is olfactory area

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22
Q

What is the function of the respiratory area of the nasal cavity mucosa?

A

Warms and moistens air

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23
Q

What are the features of the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Curved and narrow (except at posterior sphenoidal end), has three parts named for the bone that forms each

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24
Q

What are the parts of the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Frontonasal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal

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25
What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?
Palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plates of the palatine bone (floor is wider than roof)
26
Why are the lateral walls of the nasal cavity irregular?
They have three nasal conchae projecting inferiorly
27
How many nasal conchae are there?
Three = superior, middle and inferior
28
What advantages do the nasal conchae convey in thermoregulation?
Offer vast surface area for heat exchange = curve inferomedially and hang like curtains
29
Where is the superior nasal conchae located?
Anterior to the sphenoidal sinus
30
What are some features of the middle nasal conchae?
Has angled inferior border and ends inferior to the sphenoidal sinus
31
Where is the sphenoidal sinus located?
Occupies the body of the sphenoid bone
32
Where does the sphenoid sinus open into?
Its orifice (superior to middle of its anterior wall) opens into the spheno-ethmoidal recess
33
Where do the posterior, middle and anterior ethmoidal cells open into?
The superior meatus, middle meatus and semilunar hiatus respectively
34
Where does the inferior nasal concha end?
Inferior to the middle concha about 1cm anterior to the orifice of the Eustachian tube
35
What underlies each nasal conchae?
A nasal meatus
36
What passages are present in the nasal cavity?
Spheno-ethmoidal recess posterosuperiorly, three nasal meatus, common nasal meatus medially
37
What is the common site of opening of the spheno-ethmoidal recess and the three nasal meatus?
The common nasal meatus
38
Where is the spheno-ethmoidal recess located?
Superoposterior to the superior nasal concha
39
What opens into the spheno-ethmoidal recess?
The sphenoid sinus = air filled cavity in body of sphenoid
40
Where does the posterior ethmoid sinuses open into?
The superior nasal meatus
41
How does the middle nasal meatus communicate with the frontal sinus?
Through the ethmoidal infundibulum
42
What is the frontonasal duct?
Passage leading inferiorly from each frontal sinus to the infundibulum
43
What is the semilunar hiatus?
Semi-circular groove into which the frontal sinus opens into
44
What is the ethmoidal bulla?
Rounded elevation located superior to the semilunar hiatus = visible when middle nasal concha is removed
45
What forms the ethmoid bulla?
By the middle ethmoid cells that form the ethmoid sinuses
46
What does the nasolacrimal duct drain?
Drains tears from the lacrimal gland
47
Where does the nasolacrimal duct open into?
The anterior part of the inferior nasal meatus
48
Where is the common nasal meatus located?
Medial part of nasal cavity between the conchae and nasal septum
49
Where is the submucosal venous plexus located?
Deep to nasal mucosa of the nasal cavity
50
What veins drain into the submucosal venous plexus?
Sphenopalatine, facial and ophthalmic veins
51
What is the function of the submucosal venous plexus?
Exchanges heat and warms air before it enters the lungs
52
Where does venous blood from the external nose drain into?
Mostly into the facial vein via the angular and lateral nasal veins
53
What is the innervation of the postero-inferior portion of the nasal mucosa?
Mainly by maxillary nerve (CN V2)
54
What nerve innervates the mucosa of the nasal septum?
Nasopalatine nerve
55
What nerves supply the mucosa of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
Posterior superior lateral nasal and inferior lateral nasal branches of the greater palatine nerve
56
What nerve supplies the anterosuperior portion of the nasal mucosa?
Mainly from the ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) = anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves
57
What nerve are the anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves branches of?
The nasociliary nerve
58
What nerve supplies the dorsum and apex of the external nose?
CN V1 = infratrochlear nerve and external nasal branch of the anterior ethmoidal nerve
59
What nerve supplies the alae of the nose?
Nasal branches of the infra-orbital nerve (CN V2)
60
Where do the olfactory nerves arise from?
The olfactory epithelium in the superior part of the lateral and septal walls of the nasal cavity
61
What forms the olfactory nerve?
The central processes of olfactory cells = pass through cribriform plate and end in the olfactory bulb
62
What is the olfactory bulb?
Rostral expansion of the olfactory tract
63
What are the paranasal sinuses?
Air filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity
64
Where are the frontal sinuses located?
Right and left sinuses are between the outer and inner tables of the frontal bone, posterior to the superciliary arches and the roof of the nose
65
Where do the frontal sinuses drain into?
Each drain through the frontonasal duct into the ethmoidal infundibulum (which opens into the semilunar hiatus)
66
What innervates the frontal sinuses?
Branches of the supra-orbital nerves (CN V1)
67
What are the two parts of the frontal sinus?
Vertical part in squamous part of frontal bone and horizontal part in orbital part of frontal bone
68
What are the ethmoidal cells?
Small invaginations of the mucous membranes of the middle and superior meatus
69
Where do the anterior ethmoidal cells drain into?
Drain into middle meatus through the ethmoidal infundibulum
70
Where do the middle ethmoidal cells open into?
Open directly into middle meatus
71
What do the middle ethmoidal cells form?
The ethmoid bulla = are sometimes called bullar cells
72
Where do the posterior ethmoidal cells drain into?
Open directly into the superior nasal meatus
73
What is the innervation of the ethmoidal cells?
Anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of the nasociliary nerves (CN V1)
74
Why is the body of the sphenoid bone fragile?
It is extensively pneumatised
75
Where are the sphenoidal sinuses located?
In the body of the sphenoid but may extend to wings = unevenly divided and separated by a bony septum
76
What separates the sphenoid sinuses from important structures?
Thin plates = optic nerves and chiasms, pituitary gland, internal carotid arteries, cavernous sinuses
77
What are the sphenoidal sinuses derived from?
Derived from the posterior ethmoidal cell that begins to invade the sphenoid bone at age 2
78
What supplies the sphenoidal sinuses?
Posterior ethmoidal arteries and nerves
79
What are the largest paranasal sinuses?
The maxillary sinuses = paired pyramidal sinuses
80
What drains the maxillary sinus?
Drained via the maxillary ostium into the ethmoidal infundibulum, then through the semilunar hiatus into the middle nasal meatus
81
What is the arterial supply to maxillary sinus?
Superior anterior, middle and posterior alveolar arteries, infra-orbital artery, greater palatine artery
82
What nerves provide sensory innervation to the maxillary sinuses?
Posterior superior, middle superior and anterior superior alveolar nerves, infra-orbital nerve
83
Where is the opening to the sphenoidal sinus?
In the sphenoidal recess
84
What structure do the posterior ethmoidal sinuses open in to?
The superior meatus
85
Which meatus does does the nasolacrimal duct open in to?
Anterior part of the inferior meatus
86
Where does the apex of the maxillary sinus extend to?
The zygomatic bone
87
What is the maxillary ostium?
Opening of the maxillary sinus into the semilunar hiatus (then opens into middle meatus)

ENT Medicine (22 decks)

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