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ENT Medicine > Anatomy of the Nose > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Nose Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the skeleton of the external nose?

A

Mainly cartilaginous

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2
Q

Where is the dorsum of the external nose located?

A

Extends from root of the nose to its tip

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3
Q

What are the nares?

A

Nostrils = bound laterally by alae of nose, pierce inferior surface of nose

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4
Q

What is different about the skin over the nasal cartilage?

A

Thicker than skin over nasal bone and contains sebaceous glands

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5
Q

What are vibrissae?

A

Stiff hairs of the nasal vestibule = usually moist, filter dust particles form air entering the nasal cavity

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6
Q

Where is the junction of the skin and the mucous membrane of the external nose?

A

Junction is beyond the hair bearing area of the vestibule

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7
Q

What are the cartilaginous components of the external nose?

A

Two lateral cartilages, two alar cartilages, one septal cartilage

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8
Q

What are the alar cartilages of the external nose?

A

U shaped, free and moveable cartilage = dilate or constrict nares when nasal muscles contract

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9
Q

What does the nasal septum do?

A

Divides the chamber of the nose into two cavities = has bony part and soft mobile cartilaginous parts

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10
Q

What are the main components of the nasal septum?

A

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, vomer, septal cartilage

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11
Q

What part of the nasal septum does the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone form?

A

Forms superior part of septum (thin plate) = descends from cribriform plate

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12
Q

What is the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone continued superiorly as?

A

The crista galli

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13
Q

What part of the septum does the vomer make?

A

Postero-inferior part (thin flat bone)

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14
Q

What structures contribute to the vomer?

A

The nasal crest of the maxillary and palatine bones

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15
Q

What kind of articulation does the septal cartilage have with the bony cartilage of the nasal septum?

A

Tongue-and-groove articulation

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16
Q

What is the anterior entrance to the nasal cavity?

A

The nares

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17
Q

What is the posterior opening of the nasal cavity into the nasopharynx?

A

Enters through the chonae

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18
Q

What lines the nasal cavity?

A

Mucosa = exception is vestibule, which is lined by skin

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19
Q

What is the mucosa of the nasal cavity bound to?

A

Firmly bound to the periosteum and perichondrium of the supporting bones and cartilages of the nose

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20
Q

What are the structures that the nasal cavity communicates with?

A

Nasopharynx posteriorly, paranasal sinuses superiorly and laterally, lacrimal sac and conjunctiva superiorly

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21
Q

How is the mucosa of the nasal cavity divided?

A

Inferior 2/3 of mucosa is the respiratory area, superior 1/3 is olfactory area

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22
Q

What is the function of the respiratory area of the nasal cavity mucosa?

A

Warms and moistens air

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23
Q

What are the features of the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Curved and narrow (except at posterior sphenoidal end), has three parts named for the bone that forms each

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24
Q

What are the parts of the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Frontonasal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal

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25
Q

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

Palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plates of the palatine bone (floor is wider than roof)

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26
Q

Why are the lateral walls of the nasal cavity irregular?

A

They have three nasal conchae projecting inferiorly

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27
Q

How many nasal conchae are there?

A

Three = superior, middle and inferior

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28
Q

What advantages do the nasal conchae convey in thermoregulation?

A

Offer vast surface area for heat exchange = curve inferomedially and hang like curtains

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29
Q

Where is the superior nasal conchae located?

A

Anterior to the sphenoidal sinus

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30
Q

What are some features of the middle nasal conchae?

A

Has angled inferior border and ends inferior to the sphenoidal sinus

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31
Q

Where is the sphenoidal sinus located?

A

Occupies the body of the sphenoid bone

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32
Q

Where does the sphenoid sinus open into?

A

Its orifice (superior to middle of its anterior wall) opens into the spheno-ethmoidal recess

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33
Q

Where do the posterior, middle and anterior ethmoidal cells open into?

A

The superior meatus, middle meatus and semilunar hiatus respectively

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34
Q

Where does the inferior nasal concha end?

A

Inferior to the middle concha about 1cm anterior to the orifice of the Eustachian tube

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35
Q

What underlies each nasal conchae?

A

A nasal meatus

36
Q

What passages are present in the nasal cavity?

A

Spheno-ethmoidal recess posterosuperiorly, three nasal meatus, common nasal meatus medially

37
Q

What is the common site of opening of the spheno-ethmoidal recess and the three nasal meatus?

A

The common nasal meatus

38
Q

Where is the spheno-ethmoidal recess located?

A

Superoposterior to the superior nasal concha

39
Q

What opens into the spheno-ethmoidal recess?

A

The sphenoid sinus = air filled cavity in body of sphenoid

40
Q

Where does the posterior ethmoid sinuses open into?

A

The superior nasal meatus

41
Q

How does the middle nasal meatus communicate with the frontal sinus?

A

Through the ethmoidal infundibulum

42
Q

What is the frontonasal duct?

A

Passage leading inferiorly from each frontal sinus to the infundibulum

43
Q

What is the semilunar hiatus?

A

Semi-circular groove into which the frontal sinus opens into

44
Q

What is the ethmoidal bulla?

A

Rounded elevation located superior to the semilunar hiatus = visible when middle nasal concha is removed

45
Q

What forms the ethmoid bulla?

A

By the middle ethmoid cells that form the ethmoid sinuses

46
Q

What does the nasolacrimal duct drain?

A

Drains tears from the lacrimal gland

47
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct open into?

A

The anterior part of the inferior nasal meatus

48
Q

Where is the common nasal meatus located?

A

Medial part of nasal cavity between the conchae and nasal septum

49
Q

Where is the submucosal venous plexus located?

A

Deep to nasal mucosa of the nasal cavity

50
Q

What veins drain into the submucosal venous plexus?

A

Sphenopalatine, facial and ophthalmic veins

51
Q

What is the function of the submucosal venous plexus?

A

Exchanges heat and warms air before it enters the lungs

52
Q

Where does venous blood from the external nose drain into?

A

Mostly into the facial vein via the angular and lateral nasal veins

53
Q

What is the innervation of the postero-inferior portion of the nasal mucosa?

A

Mainly by maxillary nerve (CN V2)

54
Q

What nerve innervates the mucosa of the nasal septum?

A

Nasopalatine nerve

55
Q

What nerves supply the mucosa of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

A

Posterior superior lateral nasal and inferior lateral nasal branches of the greater palatine nerve

56
Q

What nerve supplies the anterosuperior portion of the nasal mucosa?

A

Mainly from the ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) = anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves

57
Q

What nerve are the anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves branches of?

A

The nasociliary nerve

58
Q

What nerve supplies the dorsum and apex of the external nose?

A

CN V1 = infratrochlear nerve and external nasal branch of the anterior ethmoidal nerve

59
Q

What nerve supplies the alae of the nose?

A

Nasal branches of the infra-orbital nerve (CN V2)

60
Q

Where do the olfactory nerves arise from?

A

The olfactory epithelium in the superior part of the lateral and septal walls of the nasal cavity

61
Q

What forms the olfactory nerve?

A

The central processes of olfactory cells = pass through cribriform plate and end in the olfactory bulb

62
Q

What is the olfactory bulb?

A

Rostral expansion of the olfactory tract

63
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Air filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity

64
Q

Where are the frontal sinuses located?

A

Right and left sinuses are between the outer and inner tables of the frontal bone, posterior to the superciliary arches and the roof of the nose

65
Q

Where do the frontal sinuses drain into?

A

Each drain through the frontonasal duct into the ethmoidal infundibulum (which opens into the semilunar hiatus)

66
Q

What innervates the frontal sinuses?

A

Branches of the supra-orbital nerves (CN V1)

67
Q

What are the two parts of the frontal sinus?

A

Vertical part in squamous part of frontal bone and horizontal part in orbital part of frontal bone

68
Q

What are the ethmoidal cells?

A

Small invaginations of the mucous membranes of the middle and superior meatus

69
Q

Where do the anterior ethmoidal cells drain into?

A

Drain into middle meatus through the ethmoidal infundibulum

70
Q

Where do the middle ethmoidal cells open into?

A

Open directly into middle meatus

71
Q

What do the middle ethmoidal cells form?

A

The ethmoid bulla = are sometimes called bullar cells

72
Q

Where do the posterior ethmoidal cells drain into?

A

Open directly into the superior nasal meatus

73
Q

What is the innervation of the ethmoidal cells?

A

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of the nasociliary nerves (CN V1)

74
Q

Why is the body of the sphenoid bone fragile?

A

It is extensively pneumatised

75
Q

Where are the sphenoidal sinuses located?

A

In the body of the sphenoid but may extend to wings = unevenly divided and separated by a bony septum

76
Q

What separates the sphenoid sinuses from important structures?

A

Thin plates = optic nerves and chiasms, pituitary gland, internal carotid arteries, cavernous sinuses

77
Q

What are the sphenoidal sinuses derived from?

A

Derived from the posterior ethmoidal cell that begins to invade the sphenoid bone at age 2

78
Q

What supplies the sphenoidal sinuses?

A

Posterior ethmoidal arteries and nerves

79
Q

What are the largest paranasal sinuses?

A

The maxillary sinuses = paired pyramidal sinuses

80
Q

What drains the maxillary sinus?

A

Drained via the maxillary ostium into the ethmoidal infundibulum, then through the semilunar hiatus into the middle nasal meatus

81
Q

What is the arterial supply to maxillary sinus?

A

Superior anterior, middle and posterior alveolar arteries, infra-orbital artery, greater palatine artery

82
Q

What nerves provide sensory innervation to the maxillary sinuses?

A

Posterior superior, middle superior and anterior superior alveolar nerves, infra-orbital nerve

83
Q

Where is the opening to the sphenoidal sinus?

A

In the sphenoidal recess

84
Q

What structure do the posterior ethmoidal sinuses open in to?

A

The superior meatus

85
Q

Which meatus does does the nasolacrimal duct open in to?

A

Anterior part of the inferior meatus

86
Q

Where does the apex of the maxillary sinus extend to?

A

The zygomatic bone

87
Q

What is the maxillary ostium?

A

Opening of the maxillary sinus into the semilunar hiatus (then opens into middle meatus)

ENT Medicine (22 decks)

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