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ENT Medicine > Basic ENT Anatomy > Flashcards

Basic ENT Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What structures of the neck have an endocrine function?

A

The thyroid and parathyroids

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2
Q

What are the respiratory functions of the ENT system?

A

Patency of airway, filters air, humidifies air, controls movement of air, warms air

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3
Q

What are the digestive and protective functions of the ENT system?

A 
GI = mastication, deglutition, digestion, lubrication
Protective = filters air, antimicrobial properties, reflexes, regurgitation
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4
Q

What are the special sensory functions of the ENT system?

A

Smell (nose), taste (mouth), hearing and balance (ear)

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5
Q

What bone is the ear associated with?

A

The temporal bone

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6
Q

What connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

A

Eustachian tube

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7
Q

What is the function of the external ear?

A

Collects soundwaves and directs them towards the middle ear

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8
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

Conducts and amplifies vibrations towards the inner ear

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9
Q

What is the function of the inner ear?

A

Converts vibrations or movement of fluid into action potentials

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10
Q

What system does the nose belong?

A

Respiratory

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11
Q

What is the nose divided into?

A

Two bilateral nasal cavities

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12
Q

What is the nose connected to?

A

Paranasal sinuses, orbit and nasopharynx posteriorly

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13
Q

What are some functions of the throat?

A

Respiratory, digestive and protective

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14
Q

Where does the throat begin?

A

Starts in head and continues inferiorly within the neck towards the thorax

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15
Q

What are some important interconnected areas in the throat?

A

Pharynx and oesophagus, larynx and trachea

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16
Q

What are some closely related structures in the throat?

A

Blood vessels and nerves, palate and oral cavity, thyroid and parathyroid glands, skull base and cervical spine

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17
Q

How is the deep neck fascia arranged?

A

Ina tubular fashion

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18
Q

What do the compartments of the throat provide?

A

Route for the migration of pathologies

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19
Q

What vessels supply the cranial cavity?

A

Internal carotid artery and vertebral artery

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20
Q

Branches of which arteries supply the face?

A

Internal and external carotid arteries

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21
Q

What vessels supply the neck?

A

External carotid artery and subclavian artery branches

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22
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember the branches of the external carotid artery (from proximal to distal)?

A

Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students

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23
Q

What are the branches of the external carotid artery, from proximal to distal?

A

Superior thyroid artery, Ascending pharyngeal artery, Lingual artery, Facial artery, Occipital artery, Posterior auricular artery, Maxillary artery, Superficial temporal artery

24
Q

Where do the arteries that supply the head and neck tend to form anastomoses?

A

Ipsilaterally and contralaterally

25
Q

What courses along the peri-arterial plexus?

A

Post synaptic sympathetic nerve fibres

26
Q

What does venous drainage tend to follow?

A

Mimics arterial distribution

27
Q

Where do all of the veins that drain the head and neck ultimately drain into?

A

The internal jugular vein

28
Q

What are some veins that drain the head and neck?

A

External jugular vein, facial vein, cavernous sinus (middle cranial fossa), pterygoid venous plexus (infratemporal fossa)

29
Q

Where is the danger triangle of the face?

A

Between the eyebrows to either side of the mouth?

30
Q

What is the concern with the danger triangle of the face?

A

Veins can potentially carry superficial infections to deeper areas of the head and neck

31
Q

What are the cranial nerves relevant to the head and neck?

A

CN 1 = olfactory CN 5 = trigeminal
CN 7 = facial CN 8 = vestibulocochlear
CN 9 = glossopharyngeal CN 10 = vagus
CN 12 = hypoglossal

32
Q

What are the only cranial nerves that give rise to pre-ganglionic parasympathetic axons?

A

CN 3 = oculomotor CN 7 = facial

CN 9 = glossopharyngeal CN 10 = vagus

33
Q

What are the four bilateral parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck?

A 
Ciliary ganglion (from CN 3)
Pterygopalatine ganglion (from CN 7)
Submandibular ganglion (from CN 7)
Otic ganglion (from CN 9)
34
Q

What is the parasympathetic outflow?

A

Craniosacral

35
Q

What are the parasympathetic neurons structures like?

A

Long preganglionic neuron, short postganglionic neuron

36
Q

How are sympathetic neurons structured?

A

Long postganglionic neuron, short preganglionic neuron

37
Q

What is the sympathetic flow in the head and neck?

A

Peri-arterial plexus > superior cervical ganglion > cervical sympathetic chain

38
Q

What nerves provide general somatic sensory innervation to the head and neck

A

CN 5 (divisions 1-3), CN 9 and CN 10 = pain, touch, temperature and proprioception signals

39
Q

What cranial nerves are responsible for taste and smell

A

Cranial nerves 1 and 2 (olfactory and optic)

40
Q

What cranial nerves are responsible for taste?

A

Cranial nerves 7, 9 and a bit of 10

41
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for hearing and balance?

A

Vestibulocochlear (CN 8)

42
Q

What are the sensory ganglia of the head and neck?

A

Trigeminal ganglion (CN 5)
Geniculate ganglion (CN 7)
Spiral and vestibular ganglion (CN 9)
Superior and inferior glossopharyngeal ganglia (CN 9)
Superior and inferior vagal ganglia (CN 10)

43
Q

How many neurons are in a sensory chain?

A

Made up of three neurons = first, second and third order

44
Q

Where do the first and second order sensory neurons synapse?

A

At the spinal cord or brainstem

45
Q

Where do the second and third order sensory neurons synapse?

A

Thalamus

46
Q

What does lymphatic drainage tend to follow?

A

Venous drainage

47
Q

How is the lymphatic drainage of the head and neck divided?

A

Into areas that drain into the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct (left side) at their respective venous angles

48
Q

How does the lymphatic drainage of midline structures (i.e tongue) work?

A

Can drain bilaterally

49
Q

What does the Jugulo-digastric node drain lymphatic from?

A

Drains the palatine tonsil

50
Q

What are some lymph node groups of the head and neck?

A

Parotid (pre-auricular), mastoid (post-auricular), deep cervical nodes, superficial cervical nodes

51
Q

What vessel are the deep cervical nodes located along?

A

The internal jugular vein

52
Q

What vessel are the superficial cervical nodes located along?

A

The external jugular vein

53
Q

Where does all arterial supply to the head and neck originate from?

A

Either the common carotid artery or the subclavian artery

54
Q

What is the definition of a ganglion?

A

Collection of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

55
Q

What do ganglions contain in the motor region?

A

A synapse = sensory ganglia don’t have synapses

56
Q

What kind of innervation do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems provide?

A

Motor = do not provide any sensory innervation

ENT Medicine (22 decks)

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