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Nas > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major step in fertilisation

A

1) capacitation of the sperm
2) stem binding to the zona pellucida and releases nucleus. Lysosomal enzymes from cortical granules inactivate receptors
3) egg pronucleus and sperm pronucleus fuse

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2
Q

What happens to the egg when it fuses with the sperms pronucleus

A

Undergoes meiosis 2 to from a zygote

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3
Q

What are the specialisation of an egg

A
  • mitchondria
  • nucleus
  • acrosome
  • flagellum
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4
Q

What is cleavage

A

Zygote forms a morula

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5
Q

How many cells does a morula have

A

16

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6
Q

When does cleavage occur

A

After the zygote has formed

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7
Q

What happens when a morula is formed

A

The cells of the morula line to form a blastocyst

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8
Q

What is a blastocyst made of

A
  • trophoblast

- embryoblast

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9
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus wall

A
  • endometrium
  • myometrium
  • perimetrium
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10
Q

What happens to the endometrium uterus wall

A

1) proliferative : estrogen levels are high
2) secretory : corpus leteum produce progesterone to produce compact, basal spongy layer and implantation occur
3) menstrual

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11
Q

What happens to the trophoblast at implantation

A

Differentiates into

  • cytotrophoblast
  • synctiotrophoblast
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12
Q

What happens to the embryoblast at implantation

A

Differentiates into

  • hypoblast
  • epiblast
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13
Q

What happens to the syncitium when the egg has become implanted

A

Vacuoles appar called lacunae and blood inverts into it

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14
Q

What does the cytotrophoblast do to the synctiotrophoblast

A

Create villus structures of primary, secondary and tertiary

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15
Q

What does the hypoblast form

A

The primitive yolk sac

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16
Q

What hormones does the synctiotrophoblast secrete when implantated

A
  • hcg
  • progesterone
  • hPL

Take the role of the corpus leteum until birth

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17
Q

What are the 4 placental barriers

A
  • endothelium of villus
  • synctiotrophoblast
  • cytotrophoblast
  • Loose connective tissue surrounding endothelium
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18
Q

If there is a malignant tumour how can this be identified

A

It will show high levels of HCG

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19
Q

What is gastrulation

A

The formation of the trilaminar disc

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20
Q

How does gastrulation occur

A
  • epiblast forms a primitive streak
  • cells from the epiblast migrate underneath the primitive streak to form endoderm mesoderm
  • remaining epiblast cells form ectoderm
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21
Q

What occurs after gastrulation

A

Neuralation

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22
Q

What is neuralation

A

The formation of the neural tube

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23
Q

What happens at neuralation

A

Ectodermal cells migrate through primitive pit to from notochord
Notochord releases growth factor and ectoderm proliferate to from neural plate
Neural plate fold to from neural tube
Neural crest remain on top of the notochord

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24
Q

When the notochord is formed which layer is it found at

A

The mesoderm

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25
Q

What is the 4 role of the neural crest

A

1) form dorsal root ganglion
2) form neuro-endocrine cells e.g adrenal gland
3) melanocytes for skin colour
4) fascial mesenchyme

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26
Q

How does the mesoderm develop

A

Split into 3 regions

  • paraxial
  • intermediate
  • lateral
27
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm develop into

A

42-44 somites

Muscles

28
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm develop into

A

Urogenital system

29
Q

What does the lateral mesoderm plate develop into

A

Heart

30
Q

What does the somites do

A

Form the vertebral column around the neural tube and notochord when sclerotome migrate
Spinal nerves migrate out laterally to from the vertebral column

31
Q

How does the intermediate mesoderm form the urogenital sytem

A

Intermediate grow into

  • pronephros : this degrades
  • mesoneprhros: grows
  • metanephros: kidney develop here

Gonads are form when germ cells migrate onto the intermediate mesoderm to from gonadal ridge which give gonads

32
Q

How does the action at the mesoderm differ in females and males

A

Male has mesonephric remains to form testis

Female has paramesonephric to form vagina

33
Q

What physical form does the lateral mesoderm split into

A
  • somatic

- splanchnic

34
Q

What dos the splanchnic mesoderm develop into

A

The heart

35
Q

How is the heart derived

A

The progenitor cells of the splanchnic mesoderm from endocardial tubes
Endorcardial tubes fuse together
This forms the Ventura, atrium , ventricle, bulbous cordis and truncus ateriousus

36
Q

What happens to the atrium and the heart in further development

A

Portion into 2 chambers each

37
Q

If the heart does not portion out what can be a consequence of this

A

A hole in the heart

38
Q

Does the anterior or posterior plate form the heart

A

Anterior

39
Q

How does the heart get to its correct location in the body

A

By sagitall folding when the head and tail bend

40
Q

What are the two types of embryonic folding

A
  • lateral

- sagitall

41
Q

What occurs when lateral folding takes place

A
  • the gut tube forms
42
Q

How is the gut tube formed at lateral folding

A

The amniotic cavity folds laterally
The yolk sac is pinched off to from the gut tube
Body cavity is formed by the lateral plates

43
Q

How does the gut tube develop

A

Separates into 3 regions to derive

  • foregut: oesophageal and stomach
  • midgut : small intestine
  • hindgut : large intestine
44
Q

By what process does the neural tube develop

A

Vasiculation

45
Q

What does the neural tube develop into

A

The CNS

46
Q

What happens at vasciculation

A

Forebrain:

  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon

Midbrain:
- mesencephalon

Hindbrain:

  • metencephalon
  • myelencephalon
47
Q

What does the telencephalon derive into further

A

Olfactory lobes
Hippocampus
Cerebrum

48
Q

What does the diencephalon develop into

A

Optic vesicle
Epithalamus
Thalamus hypothalmus

49
Q

What does the mesencephalon develop into

A

Mid brain

50
Q

What does the metencephalon develop into

A

Cerebellum

Pons

51
Q

What does the myelencephalon divide into

A

Medulla

52
Q

What are the 3 major neural tube defects of the brain

A

Hydrocephalus
Microcephaly
Anencephaly

53
Q

What is hydrocephalus

A

Water on the brain creates narrow slylvious and prevent blood blow to the blood vessels

54
Q

What is microcephaly

A

Small brain due to lack of forebrain induction

55
Q

What is anencephaly

A

Most of the brain absent due to from end of neural tube failing

56
Q

How can you identify neural tube defects

A

Look at high levels of alpha Fetoprotein

57
Q

What are the 3 main types of Spina bifida

A

Occulta
Meningocele
Meyelocoele

58
Q

What does Spina bidifa occur

A

As a result of not folding fully when the neural plates fold to create the neural tube

59
Q

At which structure does the future bladder develop from

A

Allantois

60
Q

How many pharyngeal pouches are there

A

4

61
Q

What does the first pouch give

A

Middle ear

Pharygontympanic tube

62
Q

What does the second pouch give

A

Palatine tonsil

63
Q

What does the third pitch give

A 
Parathyroid gland (inferior)
Thymus
64
Q

What does the 4th pouch give

A

Superior parathyroid

Small part of thyroid gland

Nas (23 decks)

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