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Paediatrics > Embryology 2 > Flashcards

Embryology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 methods that blood vessels develop by?

A

Vaculogenesis and angiogenesis

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2
Q

What is vasculogenesis?

A

New formation of a primitive vascular network

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3
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Growth of new vessels from pre-existing blood vessels

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4
Q

What is an extension of truncus arteriosus of primtive heart tube called?

A

Aortic sac

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5
Q

What are the first arteries to appear in the embryo

A

Right and left primitive aortae

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6
Q

What does each primitive aorta have?

A

A ventral part (Ventral aorta) and a dorsal part (Dorsal aorta)

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7
Q

What fuses to form the aortic sac?

A

The 2 endothelial tubes fuse and then 2 ventral aortae partially fuse to form this

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8
Q

What do aortic branches arise from?

A

Aortic sac

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9
Q

When do pharyngeal arches develop?

A

During 4th and 5th week

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10
Q

What is the name for the arches that receive their own nerve and artery?

A

Pharyngeal arteries

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11
Q

What do pharangeal arteries communicate with?

A

Aortic branches. These are now called aortic arches

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12
Q

What do the 6 aortic arches communicate with?

A

Dorsal aortae

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13
Q

What are the stages of the development of pharangeal arch arteries and aortic branches and their communication?

A

Pharyngeal arches (future neck) develop during 4th and 5th week

Each arch receives its own nerve & artery = pharyngeal arteries

Pharyngeal arteries communicate with aortic branches; these now called aortic arches

6 aortic arches are formed thus on each side, all in communication with the dorsal aortae

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14
Q

What are aortic arches?

A

Six pairs of aortic arches usually develop from aortic branches and pharyngeal arch arteries

All are not present at the same time

They all terminate in the dorsal aorta

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15
Q

Label this

A
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16
Q

What are the fate of arch 1 and 2?

A

Disappear early, remenant of the 1st aortic arch forms part of the maxillary artery

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17
Q

What is the fate of arch 3?

A

The 3rd aortic arch constitutes the commencement of the internal carotid a., and is therefore named the carotid arch

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18
Q

What is the fate of right arch 4?

A

Right subclavian artery

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19
Q

What happens to the left 4th arch?

A

Forms distal part of the aortic arch

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20
Q

What happens to the 5th aortic arch

A

Either never forms or forms incompletely and then regresses

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21
Q

What is the fate of proximal part of right arch 6?

A

Proximal part of the right pulmonary artery

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22
Q

What happens to the left 6th arch?

A

Gives off the left pulmonary a. and forms the ductus arteriosus; within 1–3 months, the ductus is obliterated and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum

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23
Q

What do most defects of great arteries result from?

A

Persistence of aortic arches that normally should regress or regression of arches that normally shouldn’t

24
Q

What happens in the abberant subclavian artery?

A

Regression of the right aortic arch 4 and the right dorsal aorta

The right subclavian artery sometimes has an abnormal origin on the left side

To supply blood to the right arm, this forces the right subclavian artery to cross the midline behind the trachea and oesophagus

May constrict these organs, although usually with no clinical symptoms.

25
Q

What is the double aortic arch?

A

Occurs with the non-regression of the right aortic arch

Forming a vascular ring around the trachea and oesophagus

Usually causes difficulty in breathing and swallowing

26
Q

What is the patent ductus arteriosus?

A

More frequent in females

Common anomaly associated with maternal rubella infection - early pregnancy

27
Q

What are causes of patent ductus arteriosus

A

Failure of muscular wall to contract

Respiratory distress syndrome (Low O2)

Lack of surfactant in the lungs

28
Q

Define patent ductus arteriosus

A

A condition wherein the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth.

Early symptoms are uncommon, but in the first year of life include increased ‘work of breathing’ and poor weight gain

An uncorrected PDA may lead to congestive heart failure with increasing age.

29
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta?

A

A congenital condition wherein the aorta is narrow

Usually in the area where the ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum after regression) inserts

30
Q

What does the word coarctation mean?

A

Narrowing

31
Q

Where are coarctations in the aorta most common?

A

Aortic arch

32
Q

What are the different positions of coarctations of the aorta?

A

Proximal to ductus (preductal) arteriosus or distal (postductal)

33
Q

Where does most cases of coarctation occur?

A

Opposite the ductus arteriosus

34
Q

What are the main causes of coarctation of the aorta?

A

Incorporation of muscle tissue of DA into arch of aorta (during development). When DA contracts after birth, part of the arch also constricts

Genetic/environmental factors

35
Q

Where the the vitelline vein come from?

A

Yolk sac

36
Q

Where does the umbilical vein come from?

A

Placenta

37
Q

Where does the cardinal vein come from?

A

Rest of the body

38
Q

What us the vitelline arteries represented as in adults?

A

Represented by arteries to the foregut, midgut & hindgut

39
Q

What is the fate of umbilical arteries before birth?

A

Paired branches of the dorsal aorta to placenta

40
Q

What happens to the umbilical arteries after birth?

A

Proximal portion persists as internal iliac and superior vesical branches to urinary bladder

41
Q

What does vitelline vein carry blood from and to?

A

Yolk sac to sinus venosus

42
Q

What does the umbilical vein carry blood from and to?

A

Originate from placenta carrying oxygenated blood to the embryo

43
Q

Where does the cardinal vein carry blood from and to?

A

Drains the body of the embryo

44
Q

What are the fates of the cardinal veins?

A

Main venous drainage system of the embryo

Proximal portion persists as internal iliac and superior vesical branches to urinary bladder

45
Q

What are the different venous system abnormalities?

A

Double inferior vena cava: At the lumbar level arising from the persistence of the left sacrocardianl vein

Abscent inferior vena cava: The lower half of the body is drained by the aygos vein which enters the superior vena cava. The hepatic vein enters the heart at the site of the inferior vena cava

Abscence of inferior vena cava

46
Q

Describe the development of the lymphatic system?

A

Develops at the end of sixth week around main veins

Six primary lymph sacs develops at the end of embryonic period

Lymphatic vessels will join the lymph sacs later

47
Q

What is the foetal circulation like before birth?

A

Aorta to descending aorta

to abdominal aorta to common iliac artery

to umbilical arteries to placenta

to umbilical vein

48
Q

What are the different foetal circulation shunts

A

Ductus venosus

Oval formamen

Ductus arteriosus

49
Q

What is the ductus venosus?

A

Shunts left umbilical vein blood flow directly to IVC

Allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver

50
Q

What is the oval foramen?

A

Allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium

Allows blood to bypass the lungs

51
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus?

A

Allows blood that still escapes to the right ventricle to bypass the lungs

52
Q

What does the ductus venosus become?

A

Ligamentum venosum of the liver

53
Q

What does the oval foramen become?

A

Closes after birth by tissue proliferation and adhesion of septal structure

Forms the fossa ovalis

54
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus form?

A

Obliterates to form ligamentum arteriosum

55
Q

What do the umbilial arteries form?

A

Ligamentous- medial umbilical ligaments

56
Q

What are the different types of IVC?

A

Left SVC or double SVC

Paediatrics (142 decks)

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