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Paediatrics > A Childs Journey - Development > Flashcards

A Childs Journey - Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the phases of childhood?

A
  • Neonate
    • <4 weeks
  • Infant
    • <12 months
  • Toddler
    • 1-2 years
  • Pre-school
    • 2-5 years
  • School age
  • Teenanger/adolescent
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2
Q

What ages are the following phases:

  • neonate
  • infant
  • toddler
  • pre-school
  • school age
  • teenanger/adolescent
A
  • Neonate
    • <4 weeks
  • Infant
    • <12 months
  • Toddler
    • 1-2 years
  • Pre-school
    • 2-5 years
  • School age
  • Teenanger/adolescent
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3
Q

What is the development of children?

A

Is the gaining of functional skills throughout childhood:

  • A gradual yet rapid process
  • Typically birth to 5 years (but brains develop in utero)
  • Fairly consistent pattern but rate will vary between people
  • Cell growth, migration, connection, pruning and myelination (use it or lose it)
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4
Q

What are the 5 key developmental fields?

A
  • Gross motor
  • Fine motor
  • Social and self-help
  • Speech and language
  • Hearing and vision
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5
Q

What gross motor skills are achieved by:

  • 3 months
  • 6 months
  • 9 months
  • 12 months
  • 18 months
  • 2 years
  • 2.5 years
A
  • 3 months
    • Lifts head and chest when lying on stomach
    • Turns around when lying on front
  • 6 months
    • Rolls over from back to front
    • Sits steadily without support (by 8-9 months)
  • 9 months
    • Crawls on hands
    • Pulls to stand
    • Walks around furnature while holding on
  • 12 months
    • Stands without support
    • Walks without help (by 18 months)
    • Runs (some falls)
  • 18 months
    • Kicks a ball forward
    • Runs well (few falls)
    • Walks up and down stairs without support
  • 2 years
    • Climbs on play equipment such as ladders and slides
  • 2.5 years
    • Stands on one foot without support
    • Walks up and down stairs one foot per step
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6
Q

What fine motor skills are achieved by:

  • 3 months
  • 6 months
  • 9 months
  • 12 months
  • 18 months
  • 2 years
  • 2.5 years
A
  • 3 months
    • Looks at and reaches for faces and toys
    • Picks up toy with one hand
  • 6 months
    • Transfers toy from one hand to other
    • Uses two hands to pick up large object
  • 9 months
    • Picks up small objects with thumb and finger pincer grip
  • ​12 months
    • Stacks 2 or more blocks
    • Picks up 2 small toys in one hand
  • 18 months
    • Builds towards of 4 or more blocks
    • Scribbles with crayon
    • Turns pages of picture books one at a time
  • 2 years
    • Scribbles with circular motion
  • 2.5 years
    • Draws of copies vertical lines
    • Cuts with small sizzors
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7
Q

When should children sit steadily without support by?

A

8-9 months

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8
Q

When should children walk without help by?

A

18 months

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

When should children pick up small objects with thumb and finger in pincer grip be achieved by?

A

9 months

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11
Q

When should scribbling with crayon be achieved by?

A

18 months

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12
Q

What language skills are developed by:

  • 3 months
  • 6 months
  • 9 months
  • 12 months
  • 18 months

2 years

  • 2.5 years
A
  • 3 months
    • Cries in special way when hungry
    • Makes sounds like “ah ah”
    • Laughs
  • 6 months
    • Babbles
    • Responds to name (turns and looks)
    • Makes sounds like “da-da”
  • ​9 months
    • ​Understands phrases like “no-no”
  • 12 months
    • Has 1 or 2 words with meaning
    • Uses “mama” or “dada” specifically for parents or similar
  • 18 months
    • Uses at least 10 words
    • Asks for drink or food using words or sounds
    • Names a few familiar objects in picture books
    • Follows two part instructions
    • Starts to joint words into sentence (21-24 months)
  • ​2 years
    • Has vocabularly of around 30-50 words
  • 2.5 years
    • Speaks clearly, understandable most of the time
    • Knows what to do with objects such as a hat or biscuit
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13
Q

When should children respond to their name by looking by?

A

6 months

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14
Q

When should children be able to make sounds like “da-da” or “ma-ma” by?

A

6 months

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15
Q

When should children have 1 or 2 wors with meaning by?

A

12 months

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16
Q

When should children use “mama” or “dada” specifically for parents attention by?

A

12 months

17
Q

When should children start to joint words into sentences by?

A

21-24 months

18
Q

What social skills should be achieved by:

  • 3 months
  • 6 months
  • 9 months
  • 12 months
  • 18 months
  • 2 years
  • 2.5 years
A
  • 3 months
    • Social smile (by 6-8 weeks)
    • Distinguishes mother from others
  • 6 months
    • Reaches for familiar people
    • Pushes things away they dont want
  • 9 months
    • Looks for objects that fall out of sight - object promanence (9-12 months)
    • Stranger awareness
    • Plays peek-a-boo
    • Waves “bye bye”
  • 12 months
    • Gives kisses or hugs
    • Shows shared attention/pointing to things of interest
  • ​18 months
    • Sometimes says “no” when interfere with
    • Shows sympathy to other children
    • Early pretend play
    • Usually responds to correction by stopping
  • 2 years
    • “Help” with simple household tasks
  • 2.5 years
    • Plays with other children
    • Plays role in “pretend” games
    • Plays games such as hide and seek
19
Q

When should children do a social smile by?

A

6-8 weeks

20
Q

When should children look for objects that fall out of sight by?

A

9-12 months

21
Q

When should children show shared attention/pointing to things of interest by?

A

12 months

22
Q

When should children perform early pretend play by?

A

18 months

23
Q

What self-help skills are achieved at the following:

  • 3 months
  • 6 months
  • 9 months
  • 12 months
  • 18 months
  • 2 years
  • 2.5 years
A
  • 3 months
    • Reacts to seeing bottle/breast
    • Comfors self with thumb/dummy
  • 6 months
    • Feeds self biscuits or similar food
  • 9 months
    • Picks up a spoon by hands
  • 12 months
    • Lifts cup to mouth
    • Insists on doing things by self such as feeding
    • Feeds self with spoon
  • 18 months
    • Eats with fork
    • Eats with spoon spilling a little
    • Takes off open coat or shirt without help
  • 2 years
    • Opens door by turning knob
  • 2.5 years
    • Washes and dries hands
    • Dresses self with help
24
Q

When should children feed self with spoon by?

A

12 months

25
Q

When should the following be done by:

  • sits steadily without support
  • walks without help
  • picks up small objects with thumb and finger
  • scribbles with crayon
  • respond to name
  • make sounds like “dada”
  • have 1 or 2 words with meaning
  • use “dada” or “mama” specifically for parents
  • early pretend play
  • social smile
  • look for objects that falls out of sight
  • stranger awareness
  • show shared attention/pointing to things of interest
  • early pretend play
  • feed self with spoon
A
  • When should the following be done by:
    • sits steadily without support
      • 8-9 months
    • walks without help
      • 18 months
    • picks up small objects with thumb and finger
      • 9 months
    • scribbles with crayon
      • 18 months
    • respond to name
      • 6 months
    • make sounds like “dada”
      • 6 months
    • have 1 or 2 words with meaning
      • 12 months
    • use “dada” or “mama” specifically for parents
      • 12 months
    • early pretend play
      • 18 months
    • social smile
      • 6-8 weeks
    • look for objects that falls out of sight
      • 9-12 months
    • stranger awareness
      • 9 months
    • show shared attention/pointing to things of interest
      • 12 months
    • early pretend play
      • 18 months
    • feed self with spoon
      • 12 months
26
Q

When should a child be able to draw copies of complete circle by?

A

3 years

27
Q

When should child be able to draw person with 3 parts?

A

4.5 years

28
Q

When should child be able to follow series of simple instructions in order by?

A

3.5 years

29
Q

When should a child be able to do the following by:

  • draw copies of complete circle
  • draw person with 3 parts
  • follow series of simple instructions
A
  • Draw copies of complete circle
    • 3 years
  • Draw person with 3 parts
    • 4.5 years
  • Follow series of simple instructions
    • 3.5 years
30
Q

What are 3 possible different development patterns?

A
  • Normal
  • Global delay
  • Delay in specific domain
31
Q

What are milestones?

A
  • Achievement of key development skills
    • Social smile, sitting, walking, first words
32
Q

When should children be refered for not meeting milestone?

A
  • For example mean walking age is 12 months, some may walk by 9-10 months, refer if not walking by 18 months
33
Q

What are red flags for referal?

A
  • No social smile by 2 months
  • Not sitting unsupported by 9 months
  • Not walking unsupported by 18 months
  • No words by 2 years
  • Loss of developmental skills
  • Concerns regarding vision
  • Hearing loss
  • Persistent low muscle tone
  • Asymmetry of movements/increased muscle tone
34
Q

When does the following become red flags:

  • no social smile
  • not sitting unsupported
  • not walking unsupported
  • no words
A
  • No social smile
    • By 2 months
  • Not sitting unsupported
    • By 9 months
  • Not walking unsupported
    • By 18 months
  • No words
    • By 2 years
35
Q

What are some “normal variations” to be recognised in terms of milestones?

A
  • Early developers
  • Late normal
  • Bottom shufflers – walking delay
  • Bilingual families – apparent language delay
  • Familial traits
36
Q

What are some factors that influence development?

A
  • Genetics
    • Family, race, gender
  • Environment
  • Positive early childhood experience
  • Developing brain vulnerable to insults
    • Antenatal
    • Postnatal
    • Abuse and neglect
37
Q

What are some adverse antenatal and postnatal environmental factors for development?

A
  • Antenatal
    • Infections (CMV, rubella, toxo, VZV)
    • Toxins (alcohol, smoking, snit-epileptics)
  • Postnatal
    • Infections (meningitis, encephalitis)
    • Toxins (solvents, mercury, lead)
    • Trauma (head injuries)
    • Malnutrition (iron, folate, vitamin D)
    • Metabolic (hypoglycaemia, hyper and hyponatraemia)
    • Maltreatment/under stimulation/domestic violence
    • Maternal mental health issues
38
Q

What is developmental screening done by?

A

Healthy Child Programme (HCP) UK

39
Q

What is the best way to evaluate development?

A

Best way to evaluate development is to observe play and activity and try to guess the age

Paediatrics (142 decks)

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