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GI I > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the intraembryonic body caivty derived from

A

lateral plate mesoderm

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2
Q

what does the lateral plate mesoderm divide into

A

parietal and visceral mesoderm

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3
Q

what does parietal mesoderm form? visceral?

A

parietal serous membranes

visceral becomes visceral serous membranes and muscles of organs

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4
Q

what causes fusion of the body wall ventrally

A

body folding

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5
Q

when does the intraembryonic cavity become completely separate from extra embryonic cavity

A

week 12

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6
Q

what causes body wall defects

A

ventral body wall fails to fuse and viscera herniate through defect

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7
Q

what are examples of body wall defects

A

ectopic cordis
gastroschisis
bladder/cloacal exstrophy
cantrell’s pentology

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8
Q

what are the characteristics of cantrell’s pentology

A 
cleft sternum
ectopic cordis
gastroschisis
diaphragmatic hernia
congenital heart defects
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9
Q

what is a mesentery

A

double layer of peritoneum

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10
Q

what is derived from the dorsal mesentery

A 
mesoesophagus
greater omentum
splenorenal lig
phrenicosplenic lig
phrenicocolic lig
mesentery proper
mesoappendix
transverse mseocolon
sigmoid mesocolon
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11
Q

what suspends the gut tube

A

ventral mesentary to anterior body wall

dorsal mesentary to posterior body wall

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12
Q

what are derivatives of ventral mesentery

A

lesser omentum
falcifom lig
coronary and triangular lig

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13
Q

what organs are primary retroperitonealized

A

kidneys, ureters and bladder

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14
Q

what organs are secondary retroperitonealized

A

duodenum, ascending, descending colon, pancreas

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15
Q

what organs are peritonealized

A

stomach, spleen, parts 1 and 4 of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, transverse and sigmoid colon

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16
Q

what are the two main steps in partitioning of the intraembryonic body cavity

A

septum transversum

pleuropericardial and pleuroperitoneal membranes

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17
Q

what separates the thoracic and peritoneal cavities

A

plate of mesoderm (septum transvedsum)

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18
Q

what does the septum transversum for

A

bulk of diaphragm, muscle and central tendon

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19
Q

what is still left after septum transversum

A

leaves pericardioperitoneal canals on either side of the foregut

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20
Q

what does the pleuropericardial membranes separate

A

pleural and pericardial cavities

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21
Q

what does the pleuroperitoneal membranes separate

A

separate pleural and peritoneal cavities

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22
Q

what somites form the mseoderm of the diaphragm

A

cervical somites 3-5

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23
Q

what causes descent of diaphragm into thorax

A

differential growth

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24
Q

by week 8, the diaphragm is at what vertebral level

A

1st lumbar vertebra

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25
Q

What is the innervation of the diaphragm

A

motor- phrenic

sensory- phrenic n to central tendon, intercostal nn to muscular diaphragm

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26
Q

What is a bochdalek hernia

A

posterolateral defect, congenital diaphragmatic hernia

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27
Q

what causes bochdaleks hernia

A

incomplete formation of pleuroperitoneal membranes
small intestine or other viscera, herniate through defect into pleural cavity
lungs and heart are compressed, common cause pulmonary hypoplasia

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28
Q

what is a morgagni hernia

A

parasternal hernia, anterior defect in muscular portion of diaphragm, small sometimes not detected at very young ages

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29
Q

what is eventration of the diaphragm

A

weakness of diaphragm due to failure of myotome migration

allows abdominal visceral to “balloon” into the thoracic cavity

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30
Q

what germ layers contribute to formation of gut tube

A

endoderm- epithelium and glands
mesoderm- CT and smooth mm
ectoderm- epithelium at ends of tube

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31
Q

when do the rostral and caudal ends reopen

A

4th and 7th week

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32
Q

What are the portions of the gut

A

foregut, midgut and hindgut

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33
Q

what is included in the foregut

A

pharynx, esophagus, stomach, parts one and two of duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen

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34
Q

what artery supplies most of foregut

A

celiac artery

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35
Q

what structures are included in midgut

A

3-4 duodenum, SI, cecum, appendix, ascending colon and proximal 2/3 transverse colon

36
Q

what supplies most of midgut

A

SMA

37
Q

what structures are included in hindgut

A

distal 1/3 transverse colon to upper anal canal

38
Q

what artery supplies most of hindgut

A

inferior mesenteric a

39
Q

when does the esophagus lumen become obliterated and then recanalize?

A

obliterate week5 and recanalize week 8

40
Q

what are congenital anomalies of the esophagus and what causes them

A

atresias- no recanalization at all in week 8
stenosis- incomplete recanalization

both can also be caused by malformation of tracheoesophageal septum

41
Q

what causes a congenital hiatal hernia

A

esophagus fails to elongate and pulls the stomach through diaphragm

42
Q

describe the rotation of the stomach

A

stomach rotates 90 degrees clockwise pushing the greater curvature (dorsal) left and the lesser curvature (ventral) right

43
Q

which way does the stomach orient around the anterioposterior axis

A

plyoric part moves upward to the right and cardiac down to the left

44
Q

where is the omental bursa

A

inferior and posterior to the stomach

45
Q

what is pyloric stenosis

A

hypertrophy of smooth m around pyloric sphincter

forcible vomiting of stomach contents after eating

46
Q

what is the spleen derived from

A

mesenchymal cells within 2 layers of dorsal mesogastrium

47
Q

what causes the spleen to be in ULQ

A

rotation of gut

48
Q

What is the hepatic diverticulum

A

outgrowth from second portion of duodenum

49
Q

what 2 germ layers form the liver and what parts

A

endoderm becomes parenchyma and mesoderm becomes stroma

50
Q

when does the liver start functioning as a hematopoietic organ

A

2nd month

51
Q

when does bile formation begin in liver

A

week 12

52
Q

what forms the gall bladder

A

evagination of bile duct

53
Q

where is the bile duct in relation to duodenum and why

A

posterior to duodenum because rotation of foregut

54
Q

what does the pancreas arise from

A

2 endoermal layers of duodenum. ventral and dorsal buds

55
Q

what leads to fusion of the pancreatic buds

A

rotation of duodenum

56
Q

majority of the pancreas is derived from what bud

A

dorsal, the ventral forms lower portion of head and uncinate process

57
Q

where is the main pancreatic duct derived form? accessory?

A

main is from ventral pancreatic and distal dorsal

accessory pancreatic duct is derived from proximal part of dorsal pancreatic duct

58
Q

What can cause acessory pancreatic tissue

A

abnormal migration of tissue during gut rotation

59
Q

What is a annular pancreas and what can be a result

A

bifid ventral pancreatic bud that encircles duodenum during rotation and can constrict duodenum after fusion

60
Q

What occurs with maternal diabetes

A

fetal insulin secreting cells see high glucose and hypertrophy because of increased rate of insulin secretion

61
Q

What portions of the gut gives rise to the duodenum

A

foregut (parts 1 and 2)

midgut (parts 3 and 4)

62
Q

what happens in the 2nd moth to the duodenum

A

obliterated and recanalizes

63
Q

how can you predict if a fetus has duodenal stenosis

A

polyhydramnios becuase baby cannot swallow

64
Q

how can you predict at what level the duodenal stenosis is in an infant

A

if vomit is green most likely from 3rd/4th part because pass the ampulla
if vomit is white then most likely from 1st or 2nd part (milk)

65
Q

how long is the midgut in comunication with yolk sac via vitelline duct

A

week 10 they separate

66
Q

what happens with physiologic herniation of the midgut during week 6

A

gut around superior mesenteric a herniates through umbilical ring into extraembryonic cavity

67
Q

what occurs during midgut rotation

A

primary intestinal loop undergoes 270 degree rotation counterclockwise resulting in a twisted mesentery proper and ascending/descneding colons become secondarily retroperitoneal

68
Q

when do the herniated intestinal loops of midgut retract

A

during week 10

69
Q

where does the cecum retract to initially and then how does it change

A

retracts to URQ but then descends and the appendix thus gets dragged behind it

70
Q

what is omphalocele

A

failure of midgut to return to abdominal cavity

tissue will protrude through the umbilicus and is covered in amniotic membrane

71
Q

What is gastroschisis

A

when gut herniates through weakness in body wall
lateral to umbilicus
results from incomplete fusion of ventral body wall during folding
NOT covered by amniotic membrane

72
Q

What is an umbilical hernia

A

results when gut herniates into umbilical cord after returning to abdominal cavity
skin covering hernia

73
Q

What is Meckel’s diverticulum

A

persistence of vitelline duct- connection to umbilicus
2% population, 2x more likely in ales
2 feet of ileum, 2 inches long
2% symptomatic BEFORE AGE 2

74
Q

What can malrotation of midgut result in

A

volvulus and potential loss of blood supply

75
Q

what can lead to stenoses and atresias of the midgut

A

failure to recanalize

76
Q

What results from a failure of the ascending colon to becom retroperitoneal

A

long mesocolon allowing for abnomral movements and potential volvulus of colon
or retrocolic hernia (entrapment of SI behind colon)

77
Q

what germ layer lines the hindgut

A

endoderm

78
Q

What structure forms the hindgut

A

cloaca

79
Q

what are the steps of hindgut development

A

urorectal septum divides cloaca into urogenital sinus and anorectal canal
cloacal membrane ruptures week 7

80
Q

What marks the division between ectoderm/endoderm

A

pectinate line

81
Q

What is Hirschprungs disease

A

failure of neural crest cells to imigrate into caudal large intestine or rectum

82
Q

What results from improper formation of urorectal septum

A

fistulas and atresis of cloaca

83
Q

What causes rectourethral and rectovaginal fistulas

A

anterior displacement of hindgut

84
Q

what can cause rectoanal atresias

A

loss of vascular supply or failure of recanalization

85
Q

what causes an imperforate anus

A

failure of cloacal membrane to degenerate

GI I (14 decks)

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