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Repro > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is gastrulation and how & where does this occur?

A

Formation of the trilaminar disc, cells from the epiblast (ectoderm) invaginate into the area inbetween itself and the hypoblast (endoderm) so third layer (mesoderm) is formed, the cells migrate through the primitive streak

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2
Q

What are the 2 areas in which the mesoderm layer does not develop?

A

Cranially - oropharyngeal membrane

Caudally - cloacal membrane

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3
Q

How are tubes within tubes created in development? e.g. gut tube inner tube and skin tube outer tube

A

lateral folding and cranial-caudal folding

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4
Q

What does the urogenital ridge develop from and which part is medial and which lateral?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

-urinary system lateral and genital system medial

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5
Q

Both excretory ducts of the urogenital fold enter a common cavity. What is this called?

A

Cloaca

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6
Q

The primordial germs cells (PGC’s) migrate via the dorsal mesentery from yolk sac to where?

A

To intermediate mesoderm

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7
Q

After the PGCs migrate to urogenital ridge (intermediate mesoderm), coelomic epithelium proliferates and thickens to form what? What will these structures go on to become?

A

Genital ridges that will go on to become the primitive gonads

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8
Q

What is coelomic epithelium?

A

Mesothelium that lines the peritoneum

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9
Q

The proliferating epithelial cells forming the genital ridges form continue to proliferate to form what?

A

Somatic support cells enveloping the PGCs that form the primitive sex cords

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10
Q

What are the two identical pairs of genital ducts?

A

Mesonephric (Wollfian) duct - eventually form male

Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct - eventually form female

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11
Q

What marks the ambisexual/bipotential phase of development and what week does sexual differentiation occur?

A

Genital ducts and indifferent gonads, sexual differentiation occurs from week 7 onwards

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12
Q

What do the primitive gonads form from?

A

Genital ridges

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13
Q

Female development occurs in the absence of what transcription factor?

A

SRY - sex determining region of y

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14
Q

The surface epithelium of the ovary gives rise to what?

A

Cortical cords

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15
Q

PGC’s differentiate into oogonia and then primary oocytes. What develops around these to support them and together what do these form?

A

Granulosa cells develop around primary oocytes and together they form the primordial follicles in the ovary

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16
Q

What type of cells are thecal cells and what do they produce?

A

Endocrine cells - produce androgen that will become oestrogen

17
Q

What do the paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts become?

A

Uterus, uterine tubes and superior vagina

18
Q

What are the 3 parts of the paramesonephric duct (Mullerian)? Which is open into coelomic cavity, which crosses the mesonephric duct and which portion fuses with the paramesonephric duct on the opposite side?

A

Cranial - opens into coelomic cavity
Horizontal -crosses the mesonephric duct
Caudal - fuses with duct on opposite side

19
Q

What will happen to the mesonephric ducts in the female?

A

They will regress

20
Q

Which part of the paramesonephric duct will give rise to the uterovaginal canal?

A

Caudal part

21
Q

How is the vaginal lumen is created by what?

A

Vacuolisation of the paramesonephric portion of the vagina and the sinuvaginal bulbs

22
Q

What do the somatic support cells develop into in males?

A

Mostly into seminiferous tubules but some will differentiate into Sertoli cells

23
Q

What do the primary sex cords that engulf the PGCs form in the males?

A

Testis/medullary cords

24
Q

The tesicular cords anastomose together to form the rete testis. What do the rete testis connect?

A

Rete testis connect the mesonephric tubules to the testis cords

25
Q

What does the mesonephric (Wollfian) duct eventually become?

A

vas deferens (AKA ductus deferens)

26
Q

A thickened layer of connective tissue forms between the coelomic epithelium and testis cords. What is this called?

A

Tunica albuginea

27
Q

How does SRY protein lead to degeneration of paramesonephric duct?

A

SRY protein stimulates formation of Sertoli cells which secrete AMH (anti-Mullerian hormone) which degenerates paramesonephric duct

28
Q

What is the role of SRY protein in the formation of the male genitalia and sex organs?

A

SRY protein stimulates formation of Sertoli cells which stimulate gonadal ridge cells to form Leydig cells. Leydig cells secrete testosterone & dihydrotestosterone (DHT) which form male genitalia and sex organs

29
Q

Dihydrotestosterone induces formation of epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles and testosterone induces male specific external genitalia development and prostate. True/false?

A

False - other way around
Testosterone secondary sex organs
DHT external genitalia and prostate

30
Q

What is Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome?

A

Paramesonephric ducts fail to regress so patients present with uterus, vagina and uterine tubes but will have testes in ovarian location and have male external genitalia

31
Q

List uterine congenital abnormalities.

A
  • double vagina, double uterus
  • bicornate uterus (like two uterus but join at cervix)
  • septated uterus
  • unicornate uterus
  • cervical atresia
32
Q

Testes originate at ___th thoracic level and are pulled caudally by the ____. Failure to descend of one or both testis is _______.

A

10th thoracic level
Gubernaculum
Cryptorchidism

33
Q

Prostate and bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicle glands develop during week 10. What do each develop from?

A

Prostate and bulbourethral glands are endodermal invaginations from the urethra and the prostate is above the bulbourethral glands. Seminal vesicles develop from mesonephric duct

34
Q 
What does each of these structures become in the female: 
Genital tubercle 
Urethral fold 
Genital swelling 
Urogenital groove
A

Genital tubercle - clitoris
Urethral fold - labium minus
Genital swelling - labium majus
Urogenital groove - vagina and urethra

35
Q

What “zips up” the midline to form the male spongy urethra?

A

Urethral groove

36
Q

What tissue grows to form glans penis and prepuce (foreskin)?

A

Ectodermal ingrowth

37
Q

An incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric duct

can cause what?

A

two uteri

38
Q

THe superior part of the vagina develops from what structure?

A

paramesonephric duct

Repro (49 decks)

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