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Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Lesion

A

any abnormality in a tissue/organ.

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2
Q

Inflammation

A

the reaction of living tissue to local injury

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3
Q

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

A

heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function

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4
Q

Histology

A

what normal tissue looks like under a microscope

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5
Q

Histopathology

A

what abnormal tissues look like under a microscope

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6
Q

Pathology

A

something abnormal

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7
Q

Trophoblast

A

epithelial layer that arises from cells on the outside

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8
Q

Inner Cell Mass

A

cells on the inside

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9
Q

Gastrulation

A

the stage where the three germ layers are formed

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10
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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11
Q

Ectoderm

A

skin and associated glands; gives rise to epithelial tissues

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12
Q

Mesoderm

A

supportive tissues, circulatory system, urogenital, mesenchymal tissues

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13
Q

Endoderm

A

lining of GI system, respiratory system, and urinary bladder. Pancreas and gives rise to epithelial tissues

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14
Q

Tumor

A

mass/ swelling/ nodule

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15
Q

Types of Tumor

A

cyst, inflammation, hyperplasia, neoplasia

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16
Q

Adenoma

A

Benign tumor of epithelial cells of endodermal or ectodermal origin

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17
Q

Fibroma

A

Benign tumor of fibroblasts- cells in connective tissue- arises from mesenchymal cells

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18
Q

Osteoma

A

benign tumor arising from the mesenchymal cells in the bone

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19
Q

Carcinoma

A

malignant tumor arising from endodermal or ectodermal origin

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20
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignant tumor arising from mesenchymal cells

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21
Q

Notochord

A

extends along midline for the length of the embryo. It moves caudally to drag the notochord the full length of the embryo. It eventually becomes the intervertebral discs. Of Mesodermal origin

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22
Q

Neuroectoderm

A

originates from the ectoderm directly above the notochord. Invaginates to form the neural groove which then pinches off to form the neural tube.

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23
Q

Neural Tube

A

becomes brain and spinal cord. Lumen of the tube becomes central canal within the brain and spinal cord filled with cerebrospinal fluid

24
Q

Spina Bifida

A

failure to complete closure of the neural tube

25
Neural Crest Cells
originate from the neural tube and become melanocytes, Schwann cells, adrenal medulla cells, and PNS cells
26
Lethal White Foal Syndrome
from breeding two frame overo spotted parents. White because of incomplete migration of melanocytes. They don't have nerve cells in their colons. their colons are small and don't move much
27
Melanocytoma
benign tumor of melanocytes
28
Malignant Melanoma
malignant tumor of melanocytes
29
Pheochromocytoma
benign tumor of adrenal medulla cells
30
Malignant pheochromocytoma
malignant tumor of adrenal medulla cells
31
Functions of Placenta
1. supply or storage of nutrient 2. respiratory exchange 3. excretion of wastes 4. mechanical protection of the embryo 5. transfer of maternal antibodies 6. hormone production
32
Extra-Embryonic Membranes
amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantois
33
Amnion
directly surrounds the embryo (Mechanical protection) ; lined by ectoderm and is continuous with the skin of the baby
34
Chorion
outermost membrane that interdigitates with the lining of the uterus for exchange of nutrients and waste. Surrounds the baby, amnion, and yolk sac
35
Yolk Sac
cranial outpouching of the fetal gut, very important in birds and reptiles. Lined by endoderm
36
Allantois
caudal outpouching of the fetal gut. Lined by endoderm. Starts small and grows to surround the entire baby and fill the uterus. Mostly fused with chorion to form chorioallantois so urine etc. gets transferred back to mom and she excretes it. Continuous with bladder
37
Urachus
segment connecting the allantois and bladder
38
Patent Urachus
most common urinary bladder malformation. When urachus doesn't pinch off and close at birth. Dribble urine from umbilicus. Prone to infection
39
Umbilical Hernia
if the abdominal wall doesn't close. The intestines can get the stuck through the hernia in the abdominal wall and lose their blood supply. This can result in a breakdown of the barrier function of the intestines s all the intestinal bacterial can enter the bloodstream
40
Atresia Ani
failure of the membrane that separates the rectum from the overlying ectoderm to breakdown (no anus)
41
Parenchyma
the key fundamental elements of an organ; the cells that make an organ function
42
Stroma
the supportive framework
43
Mesonephric Duct
remnant of a primitive kidney. Induces the mesonephric tubules and mesonephros (gonads, tubular genitalia, etc.)
44
What direction does the urinary system develop in?
caudal to cranial
45
What direction does the reproductive system develop in?
cranial to caudal
46
Metanephros
permanent kidney. Develops from mesoderm and is induced by the ureteric buds arising from the bladder
47
Formation of the Cardiovascular System
mesoderm aggregates into blood islands. The cells on the periphery of these aggregates flatten out to become squamous cells (endothelium) that line blood vessels. The cells in the center become blood precursors
48
Ductus Venosus
allows fetal blood to bypass the liver and enter the caudal vena cava. After birth this closes and becomes the ligamentum venosum
49
Foramen Ovale
blood from the vena cava enters the right atrium and bypasses the lungs by going directly to the left atrium. patent foramen ovale is not a big deal
50
Ductus Arteriosus
some blood from the pulmonary artery goes through it so that it goes into the aorta instead of the lungs. patent ductus arteriosus is a big deal for the animal
51
What does the ductus arteriosus become?
ligamentum ateriosum
52
Dermatome
part of the mesoderm adjacent to the neurotube that becomes dermis
53
Myotome
portion of the mesoderm adjacent to the neurotube that becomes skeletal muscle
54
Sclerotome
portion of mesoderm adjacent to the neurotube that becomes cartilage and bone
55
Examples of a Lesion
hemorrhage, hyperplasia, inflammation, cysts, necrosis

Physiology (16 decks)

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