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Physiology > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Lesion

A

any abnormality in a tissue/organ.

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2
Q

Inflammation

A

the reaction of living tissue to local injury

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3
Q

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

A

heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function

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4
Q

Histology

A

what normal tissue looks like under a microscope

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5
Q

Histopathology

A

what abnormal tissues look like under a microscope

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6
Q

Pathology

A

something abnormal

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7
Q

Trophoblast

A

epithelial layer that arises from cells on the outside

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8
Q

Inner Cell Mass

A

cells on the inside

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9
Q

Gastrulation

A

the stage where the three germ layers are formed

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10
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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11
Q

Ectoderm

A

skin and associated glands; gives rise to epithelial tissues

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12
Q

Mesoderm

A

supportive tissues, circulatory system, urogenital, mesenchymal tissues

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13
Q

Endoderm

A

lining of GI system, respiratory system, and urinary bladder. Pancreas and gives rise to epithelial tissues

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14
Q

Tumor

A

mass/ swelling/ nodule

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15
Q

Types of Tumor

A

cyst, inflammation, hyperplasia, neoplasia

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16
Q

Adenoma

A

Benign tumor of epithelial cells of endodermal or ectodermal origin

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17
Q

Fibroma

A

Benign tumor of fibroblasts- cells in connective tissue- arises from mesenchymal cells

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18
Q

Osteoma

A

benign tumor arising from the mesenchymal cells in the bone

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19
Q

Carcinoma

A

malignant tumor arising from endodermal or ectodermal origin

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20
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignant tumor arising from mesenchymal cells

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21
Q

Notochord

A

extends along midline for the length of the embryo. It moves caudally to drag the notochord the full length of the embryo. It eventually becomes the intervertebral discs. Of Mesodermal origin

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22
Q

Neuroectoderm

A

originates from the ectoderm directly above the notochord. Invaginates to form the neural groove which then pinches off to form the neural tube.

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23
Q

Neural Tube

A

becomes brain and spinal cord. Lumen of the tube becomes central canal within the brain and spinal cord filled with cerebrospinal fluid

24
Q

Spina Bifida

A

failure to complete closure of the neural tube

25
Q

Neural Crest Cells

A

originate from the neural tube and become melanocytes, Schwann cells, adrenal medulla cells, and PNS cells

26
Q

Lethal White Foal Syndrome

A

from breeding two frame overo spotted parents. White because of incomplete migration of melanocytes. They don’t have nerve cells in their colons. their colons are small and don’t move much

27
Q

Melanocytoma

A

benign tumor of melanocytes

28
Q

Malignant Melanoma

A

malignant tumor of melanocytes

29
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

benign tumor of adrenal medulla cells

30
Q

Malignant pheochromocytoma

A

malignant tumor of adrenal medulla cells

31
Q

Functions of Placenta

A
  1. supply or storage of nutrient
  2. respiratory exchange
  3. excretion of wastes
  4. mechanical protection of the embryo
  5. transfer of maternal antibodies
  6. hormone production
32
Q

Extra-Embryonic Membranes

A

amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantois

33
Q

Amnion

A

directly surrounds the embryo (Mechanical protection) ; lined by ectoderm and is continuous with the skin of the baby

34
Q

Chorion

A

outermost membrane that interdigitates with the lining of the uterus for exchange of nutrients and waste. Surrounds the baby, amnion, and yolk sac

35
Q

Yolk Sac

A

cranial outpouching of the fetal gut, very important in birds and reptiles. Lined by endoderm

36
Q

Allantois

A

caudal outpouching of the fetal gut. Lined by endoderm. Starts small and grows to surround the entire baby and fill the uterus. Mostly fused with chorion to form chorioallantois so urine etc. gets transferred back to mom and she excretes it. Continuous with bladder

37
Q

Urachus

A

segment connecting the allantois and bladder

38
Q

Patent Urachus

A

most common urinary bladder malformation. When urachus doesn’t pinch off and close at birth. Dribble urine from umbilicus. Prone to infection

39
Q

Umbilical Hernia

A

if the abdominal wall doesn’t close. The intestines can get the stuck through the hernia in the abdominal wall and lose their blood supply. This can result in a breakdown of the barrier function of the intestines s all the intestinal bacterial can enter the bloodstream

40
Q

Atresia Ani

A

failure of the membrane that separates the rectum from the overlying ectoderm to breakdown (no anus)

41
Q

Parenchyma

A

the key fundamental elements of an organ; the cells that make an organ function

42
Q

Stroma

A

the supportive framework

43
Q

Mesonephric Duct

A

remnant of a primitive kidney. Induces the mesonephric tubules and mesonephros (gonads, tubular genitalia, etc.)

44
Q

What direction does the urinary system develop in?

A

caudal to cranial

45
Q

What direction does the reproductive system develop in?

A

cranial to caudal

46
Q

Metanephros

A

permanent kidney. Develops from mesoderm and is induced by the ureteric buds arising from the bladder

47
Q

Formation of the Cardiovascular System

A

mesoderm aggregates into blood islands. The cells on the periphery of these aggregates flatten out to become squamous cells (endothelium) that line blood vessels. The cells in the center become blood precursors

48
Q

Ductus Venosus

A

allows fetal blood to bypass the liver and enter the caudal vena cava. After birth this closes and becomes the ligamentum venosum

49
Q

Foramen Ovale

A

blood from the vena cava enters the right atrium and bypasses the lungs by going directly to the left atrium. patent foramen ovale is not a big deal

50
Q

Ductus Arteriosus

A

some blood from the pulmonary artery goes through it so that it goes into the aorta instead of the lungs. patent ductus arteriosus is a big deal for the animal

51
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus become?

A

ligamentum ateriosum

52
Q

Dermatome

A

part of the mesoderm adjacent to the neurotube that becomes dermis

53
Q

Myotome

A

portion of the mesoderm adjacent to the neurotube that becomes skeletal muscle

54
Q

Sclerotome

A

portion of mesoderm adjacent to the neurotube that becomes cartilage and bone

55
Q

Examples of a Lesion

A

hemorrhage, hyperplasia, inflammation, cysts, necrosis

Physiology (16 decks)

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