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Physiology > Connective Tissue and Muscle > Flashcards

Connective Tissue and Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Connective tissue is derived from which embryonic layer?

A

mesoderm

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2
Q

Functions of Connective Tissue

A
  1. Structural support
  2. Metabolic support (blood vessels, nutrient storage)
  3. Thermoregulation (brown fat)
  4. Immune defense (bone marrow)
  5. tissue repair (wound healing)
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3
Q

How is connective tissue distinguished?

A

by number and type of cells; type of extracellular matrix

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4
Q

Types of connective tissue

A
  1. connective tissue proper
  2. embryonic connective tissue
  3. special types (blood, bone marrow, cartilage, bone)
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5
Q

Cell types in connective tissue

A
  1. fibroblasts
  2. myofibroblasts
  3. adipocytes
  4. immune cells
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6
Q

Fibroblasts

A

most common cell type in connective tissue. make all the extracellular matrix components. spindle-shaped cells with elongate nucleus and scant cytoplasm. Surrounded by extracellular matrix

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7
Q

Myofibroblasts

A

activated and modified fibroblasts that have contractile activity. Important in wound contraction and healing

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8
Q

Extracellular Matrix Components

A
  1. fibers
  2. structural glycoproteins
  3. ground substance
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9
Q

Types of ECM Fibers

A

collagen and elastin

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10
Q

Collagen

A

most common fiber in connective tissue. Stains pink with routine stains. most abundant protein in the body. Provides tensile strength

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11
Q

Types of Collagen

A
  2. Type I- fibrous tissue
  3. Type II- hyaline cartilage
  4. Type III- reticulin
  5. Type IV- basement membranes
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12
Q

Elastin

A

provides for stretch and recoil. Looks like collagen with routine stains. Needs special stains to differentiate it from collagen

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13
Q

Structural Glycoproteins

A

link proteins to the cell membranes (integrins) to the extracellular matrix fibers (like collagen). Fibronectin, fibrillin, etc. Connect collagen to membrane. Too small to see microscopically

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14
Q

Ground Substance

A

semi-fluid gel. Seen as empty/clear spaces microscopically. Contains glycosaminoglycans (polysaccharides).

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15
Q

Glycosaminoglycans

A

hyaluronic acid is the predominant one. Attract water to keep the fluidity of the ground substance. this fluid forms the extracellular fluid. When associated with proteins they are called proteoglycans.

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16
Q

Types of Connective Tissue Proper

A
  1. Regular
  2. Irregular
  3. Reticular
  4. Elastic
  5. Adipose
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17
Q

Regular connective tissue proper

A

forces are in one direction. Closely-packed, parallel bundles of collagen. Found in tendons and ligaments

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18
Q

Irregular Connective Tissue Proper

A

forces applied in multiple directions. collagen fibers course in all directions. Found everywhere else

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19
Q

Types of Irregular Connective Tissue Proper

A
  1. loose

2. dense

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20
Q

Loose Irregular Connective Tissue Proper

A

more clear space than fibers. Found surrounding vessels and nerves and forms the mesentery

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21
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Proper

A

More fibers than clear space. Found in deep layers of the skin, submucosa of intestines, and organ capsules

22
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue

A

predominant fiber type is reticulin. Looks pink with routine stains. Indistinguishable from the typical collagen in routine stains. Need silver stain to see it. Form a delicate branched network that support the cells in parenchymal organs.

23
Q

Where is reticular connective tissue found?

A

spleen, lymph node, liver, kidney, bone marrow

24
Q

Elastic Connective Tissue

A

predominate fiber type is elastin. Elastin is technically not a type of collagen. Can’t see elastin well with routine stains. Provides flexibility to tissues.

25
Q

Where is elastic connective tissue found?

A

blood vessels, external ear, vocal chords, trachea, lung, skin

26
Q

Adipose Connective Tissue

A

cells are called adipocytes

27
Q

White Adipose Tissue

A

white fat

28
Q

Functions of White Adipose Tissue

A
  1. energy storage
  2. shock absorption
  3. insulation/thermoregulation
29
Q

Where is white adipose tissue found?

A
  1. within and around muscle
  2. subcutaneous
  3. falciform ligament
  4. mesentery
  5. around the kidneys
30
Q

Shape of White Adipose Cells

A

signet-ring shaped. Large central lipid droplet which compresses and peripheralizes the nucleus.

31
Q

Brown Adipose Tissue

A

Function in thermoregulation (mitochondria produce heat instead of ATP). Cells contain multiple small lipid droplets and lots of mitochondria. The nuclei are plump and round. Lipid droplets will vary in size, even within a cell and within a group of brown fat cells. Found in neonates, rodents, and hibernating animals.

32
Q

Muscle Functions

A
  1. voluntary control (locomotion, controlling bodily functions)
  2. involuntary control (heart beating, dilation or constriction of arteries, peristalsis in digestive tract, parturition)
33
Q

Cell membrane of myofibers

A

sarcolemma

34
Q

cytoplasm of myofibers

A

sarcoplasm

35
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

contains myofilaments which are anchored to the cell membrane. Actin (thin), myosin (thick), which are connected together and movement of them against each other pulls the cell membrane to move the cell.

36
Q

Shape of Nucleus of myofibers

A

oval

37
Q

Muscle is derived from which embryonic layer?

A

mesoderm

38
Q

Types of muscle

A

smooth, skeletal, cardiac

39
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

involuntary control

40
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

digestive tract, blood vessels, urinary bladder, bronchi and bronchioles, iris, piloerecti muscles

41
Q

Smooth Muscle Structure

A

cells are small compared to skeletal and cardiac muscle. Spindle shaped. 1 nucleus per cell, elongate. Cytoplasm is smooth, no striations

42
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

voluntary control

43
Q

Where is skeletal muscle found?

A

muscles, tongue, pharynx, anus, urinary sphincter, extraocular muscles

44
Q

Skeletal Muscle Functions

A

locomotion, control of bodily functions (swallowing, urination, defecation)

45
Q

Skeletal Muscle Structure

A

largest type of muscle cell. cylindrical. Cytoplasm contains well organized myofilaments which give the muscle the striated appearance. The striations run across the short axis of the fiber. On cross section the cells are round to triangular. Multiple nuclei located peripherally

46
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in the size of cells

47
Q

Atrophy

A

decrease in the size of cells

48
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

involuntary control.

49
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

heart

50
Q

what is the function of cardiac muscle?

A

heart contraction

51
Q

Cardiac muscle structure

A

shorter than skeletal muscle. Central nuclei, 1-2 per cell. striated cytoplasm. Branched cells connected to each other by intercalated discs

Physiology (16 decks)

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