Cellular Basis of Physiology

Question 1

Categories of Protein Function

Answer 1

Catalysis, reaction coupling, transport, structure, signalling

Question 2

Catalysis

Answer 2

ability to increase the rate of a chemical reaction without altering the equilibrium of the reaction

Question 3

Reaction Coupling

Answer 3

2 reactions joined together with the transfer of energy. ex: hydrolysis

Question 4

Transport

Answer 4

method for molecules to cross in and out of cells

Question 5

Structure

Answer 5

glue cells together

Question 6

Signalling

Answer 6

controlled change that transmits information

Question 7

Mechanisms of allosteric shape change

Answer 7

ligand binding, phosphorylation, voltage-dependent proteins

Question 8

Ligand Binding

Answer 8

binding of one ligand changes the binding site shape of a different ligand, inhibiting or activating its ability to dock with the protein

Question 9

Phosphorylation

Answer 9

adding a phosphate group

Question 10

Voltage-Dependent Proteins

Answer 10

the electrical field surrounding some proteins can change the conformation of some proteins

Question 11

Molecules that can pass through lipid bilayer

Answer 11

small polar molecules, non-polar molecules (including water and urea)

Question 12

Molecules that cannot pass through lipid bilayer

Answer 12

ions, polar molecules larger than 100 daltons

Question 13

Factors that determine the driving forces of molecules across cell membranes

Answer 13

chemical concentration, electrical gradient, pressure (gravity and hydrostatic pressure from heart pump)

Question 14

Osmosis

Answer 14

movement of water across cells and capillaries

Question 15

Colloidal (oncotic) pressure

Answer 15

the osmotic pressure resulting from dissolved blood proteins

Question 16

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 16

use of transport proteins to move from high to low. Ungated channel proteins, carrier proteins, ligand-gated channel, voltage-gated channel

Question 17

Ungated Channel Proteins

Answer 17

have a hole for small ions to travel through

Question 18

Carrier Proteins

Answer 18

have specific binding site

Question 19

Ligand-Gated Channel

Answer 19

channel opens when specific ligand binds

Question 20

Voltage-Gated Channel

Answer 20

channel opens based on the electrical field surrounding the channel

Question 21

Secondary Active Transport

Answer 21

a. The active movement of glucose into the cell is paired with the passive movement of sodium into the cell. The concentration of sodium remains low thanks to the active transport out of the cell by the Na/K ATPase pump

Question 22

Active Transport

Answer 22

hen 3 sodiums bind, the pump changes conformation and becomes phosphorylated through hydrolysis of ATP. This changes conformation again so that the sodium molecules are released outside the cell and potassium ions from outside the cell now bind the transporter. When two potassium ions are bound conformation changes again and the transporter loses its phosphate and releases potassium to the inside of the cell