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Physiology > Cartilage, Bones, and Joints > Flashcards

Cartilage, Bones, and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Chondrocytes

A

component of cartilage. Live in lacunae. Secrete matrix.

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2
Q

What is in cartilage?

A

there are no vessels or nerves, so nutrients must diffuse in. Cannot be a source of pain

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3
Q

Types of Cartilage Growth

A
  1. appositional

2. interstitial

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4
Q

Appositional Growth

A

expansion from periphery. Continues throughout life. From perichondrium. Source of stem cells

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5
Q

Perichondrium

A

outer layer of cartilage responsible for appositional growth.

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6
Q

Does articular cartilage have a perichondrium?

A

no, so it cannot continue growing

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7
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

expansion from within. Matrix and cell numbers increase. result in isogenous group. Most important in young animals

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8
Q

Isogenous Group

A

multiple cells in a cluster, characteristic of interstitial growth

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9
Q

Types of Cartilage

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Elastic
  3. Fibrocartilage
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10
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

glassy. Found in fetal skeleton and articular surfaces of bone

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11
Q

Locations of Hyaline Cartilage

A

respiratory tree- nose, larynx, trachea

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12
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

has elastic fibers between chondrocytes.

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13
Q

How to visualize elastic fibers in elastic cartilage?

A

cannot see on routine stain, need elastin stain

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14
Q

Locations of Elastic cartilage

A

pinnae, external ear canal

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15
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

cartilage mixed with dense collagen. Chondrocytes are in rows

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16
Q

Locations of Fibrocartilage

A

menisci, intervertebral discs, tendon and ligament attachments to bone

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17
Q

Components of bone

A

cells and matrix

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18
Q

Types of bone cells

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

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19
Q

Osteoblasts

A

produce bone. Polygonal cells in rows along bone surface. Secrete and mineralize osteoid

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20
Q

Osteoid

A

unmineralized bone

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21
Q

Osteocytes

A

embedded osteoblasts. Live in lacunae. Communicate with each other

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22
Q

Osteoclasts

A

remove bone. Multinucleated giant cells of bone marrow origin. Bone removal occurs along brush or ruffled border.

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23
Q

Howship’s Lacunae

A

depression in bone formed by osteoclast

24
Q

Types of Matrix

A

mineral and collagen

25
Q

Mineral Matrix

A

the majority of the bone is mineral. Mineral gives bone its rigidity

26
Q

Hydroxyapatite Crystal

A

calcium and phosphorus in a 5:3 ratio

27
Q

Collagen Matrix

A

polarized light required to see collagen. Gives bone its tensile strength.

28
Q

Microscopic Organization of Bone Collagen

A

woven bone and lamellar bone

29
Q

Woven Bone

A

immature bone. Formed during growth and repair. haphazardly arranged collagen fibers

30
Q

Lamellar Bone

A

mature bone. Parallel collagen fibers.

31
Q

Osteon

A

cylinders of concentric lamellae. Haversian canals at center of osteon. Blood vessels and nerves within canal. Stronger than woven bone

32
Q

Configuration of Bone

A

compact bone and cancellous bone

33
Q

Compact Bone

A

solid bone with minimal marrow. Can be woven or lamellar. Cortex of adult bone is compact lamellar

34
Q

Cancellous Bone

A

Trabeculae arranged in a 3 dimensional lattice. More bone marrow spaces than compact bone. Can be woven or lamellar. Present inside bone medullary cavity

35
Q

Epiphysis

A

end of bone, covered with articular cartilage

36
Q

Physis

A

clear line. Growth plate made of cartilage only present in growing animals

37
Q

Metaphysis

A

cone-shaped transition between diaphysis and epiphysis

38
Q

Diaphysis

A

cylindrical shaft of bone that contains nutrient foramen

39
Q

Nutrient Foramen

A

opening for blood vessel to come in in bone

40
Q

Marrow

A

contains hematopoietic cells. Becomes increasingly fatty with age

41
Q

Periosteum

A

fibrous outer bony envelope. contains osteoprogenitor cells. Involved in repair and remodeling

42
Q

Where does osteosarcoma occur

A

in metaphysis

43
Q

Endosteum

A

inner bony envelope

44
Q

Types of Ossification

A
  1. endochondral ossification

2. intramembranous ossification

45
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

replacement of hyaline cartilage template by bone. Bone formation within cartilage

46
Q

Layers of Physis inEndochondral Ossification

A
  1. Resting chondrocytes
  2. Proliferating chondrocytes that look like stack of coins
  3. Hypertrophied chondrocytes. Cells are swollen. Weakest zone
47
Q

Osteoid

A

mineralized to form woven bone which covers remaining cartilage cores

48
Q

Salter-Harris Fractures

A

Fractures in physis. Affect bone growth in young animals

49
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

replacement of mesenchymal template by bone. Bone forms from condensed mesenchymal cells. Cartilage is not involved

50
Q

What determines bone density?

A

weight bearing

51
Q

Types of Joints

A
  1. fibrous
  2. cartilaginous
  3. synovial
52
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

bones connected by dense collagen

53
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

bones connected by fibrocartilage

54
Q

Synovial Joints

A

ends of bones covered by hyaline cartilage. Bones connected by ligaments (attached to bone by fibrocartilage) and fibrous joint capsule.

55
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

Lines the inside of joint and inside of tendon sheaths.

56
Q

Synoviocytes

A

produce synovial fluid

57
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

lubricates joint (very viscous)

Physiology (16 decks)

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