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Ontogeny > Embryo development: cleavage to organogenesis > Flashcards

Embryo development: cleavage to organogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

The extraembryonic mesoderm are formed from:

a. Primary yolk sac
b. Secondary yolk sac
c. Amniotic cavity
d. Chorionic cavity

A

A

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2
Q

Localized thickening of hypoblast

a. Prechordal plate
b. Cloacal plate
c. Oropharyngeal membrane
d. Bucopharyngeal membrane

A

A

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3
Q

Epiblast is associated with

a. Primary yolk sac
b. Secondary yolk sac
c. Amniotic cavity
d. Chorionic cavity

A

C

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4
Q

Process by which epiblast gives rise to 3 germ layers

a. Gastrulation
b. Neurulation
c. Involution

A

A

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5
Q

Allantois is a diverticulum of the

a. Primary yolk sac
b. Definitive yolk sac
c. Amniotic Cavity
d. Chorionic Cavity

A

B

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6
Q

Chorionic villi associated with decidua that are compressed:

a. Decidua basalis
b. Decidua capsularis
c. Decidua parietalis
d. Decidua vera

A

B

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7
Q

Structure in placenta membrane that disappears at term

a. Syncytiotrophoblast
b. Mononucleated layer of cells
c. Villi
d. Chorionic plate

A

B

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8
Q

Primary yolk sac develops from the

a. Extracoelomic space
b. Amniotic cavity
c. Chorionic Cavity
d. Blastocoele

A

D

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9
Q

Somites form from the:

a. Paraxial mesoderm
b. Intermediate mesoderm
c. Lateral plate mesoderm
d. AOTA

A

A

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10
Q

Which is the origin of the three germ layers?

a. Epiblast
b. Hypoblast
c. Yolk sac
d. Trophoblast

A

A

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11
Q

Primordium of intervillous space

a. Lacunae of cytotrophoblast
b. Lacunae of syncytiotrophoblast
c. Epiblast
d. Hypoblast

A

B

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12
Q

Ultrasound can detect a mass at the coccygeal area of the fetus. What is the probable origin?

a. Allantois
b. Ileal diverticulum
c. Primitive Streak

A

C

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13
Q

What lines the extraembryonic coelom?

a. Amniotic membrane
b. Heusser’s
c. Exocoelomic membrane
d. Chorionic Membrane

A

D

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14
Q

Between which two membranes does the extraembryonic mesoderml lie?

a. Epiblast and Hypoblast
b. Cytotrophoblast and syncitiotrophoblast
c. Exocoelomic and syncitiotrophoblast
d. Cytotrophoblast and chorionic membrane

A

D

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15
Q

Characteristics or one-week old blastocyst

a. Has a single layer of trophoblast
b. Developed amniotic cavity at embryonic pole
c. Attached to the uterine endometrium
d. Surrounded by a degenerating zona pellucida

A

C

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16
Q

Early Stage of Cleavage are characterized by

a. Increase in number of cells inside the zona pellucida
b. Increase in size of cells in the zona
pellucida
c. Increase in size and number of cells in the zona pellucida
d. Formation of zona pellucida

A

A

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17
Q

Development of primary oocytes occur

a. Before birth
b. At birth
c. During puberty
d. During pregnancy

A

A

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18
Q 
Forerunner of gut?
A. Chorionic cavity
B. Amniotic Cavity
C. Yolk Sac
D. Allantois
A

C

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19
Q

Which structure forms the urachus in the fetus?

A

Allantois

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20
Q 
Endometrium of a pregnant woman is called:
A. Decidua
B. Placenta
C. Myometrium
D. Penis
A

A

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21
Q

Where is the cardiogenic area?

A

Superior to the prechordal plate

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22
Q

The longitudinal fold of the embryo along the median plane includes the following EXCEPT:

A. Allantois is incorporated into the embryo and the umbilical cord
B. Formation of ventral body wall
C. Formation of head and tail fold
D. The primordial heart moves ventral to the prechordal plate

A

B

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23
Q

Which forms the primitive groove?

A. Epiblast
B. Hypoblast
C. Somatic mesoderm
D. Splanchnic mesoderm

A

A

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24
Q

Gives rise to the axial skeleton and its corresponding musculature

A. Somites
B. Notochord
C. Cloacal membrane
D. Endoderm

A

A

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25
Q

What is the forerunner of the primary yolk sac?

A

Blastocoel

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26
Q

The villi adjacent to the decidua basalis are called?

A

Chorion frondosum

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27
Q

Which of the following is involved in the production of hormones in the luteal phase?

A. oocyte
B.placental cell
C. theca-lutein cells
D.ovarian follicular cells

A

D

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28
Q

When a zygote divides to have 2-8 cells what is it called?

A

Blastomere

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29
Q

When a zygote divides to have 16 cells what is it called?

A

Morula

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30
Q

A blastocyst is characterized by which structure?

A

Blastocoel

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31
Q

The outer cell layer of a blastocyst is called what?

A

Trophoblast

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32
Q

The cell layer inside the trophoblast of a blastocyst is called what?

A

Inner cells mass

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33
Q

What is the process in which a blastocyst loses its zona pellucida?

A

Hatching

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34
Q

What is the process by which a zygote becomes a blastomere?

A

Cleavage

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35
Q

Which structure is lost during hatching?

A

Zona pellucida

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36
Q

The trophoblast gives rise to which two layers of cells in the second week of gestation?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast

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37
Q

The embryoblast gives rise to which two layers of cells in the second week of gestation?

A

Epiblast and hypoblast

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38
Q

Which cell layer of the second week of gestation is multinucleated and has no discernible cell boundaries?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

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39
Q

Which cell layer is underneath the syncytiotrophoblast?

A

Cytotrophoblast

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40
Q

Which cell layer from the embryoblast is columnar?

A

Epiblast

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41
Q

Which cell layer from the embryoblast is cuboidal?

A

Hypoblast

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42
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast derive from which layer?

A

Trophoblast

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43
Q

The blastocoel gives rise to which structure on the second week of gestation?

A

Primary yolk sac/ Heuser’s cavity/ extracoelomic cavity

44
Q

The hypoblast and epiblast derive from which cells?

A

Embryoblast

45
Q

The membrane that lines the primary yolk sac is from which cells?

A

Hypoblast

46
Q

The amniotic cavity is associated with: blastocoel, primary yolk sac or secondary yolk sac?

A

Primary yolk sac and secondary yolk sac

47
Q

The primary yolk sac is derived from which structure?

A

Blastocoel

48
Q

Which cells line the amniotic cavity?

A

Amnioblasts

49
Q

Amnioblasts are from which cell layer?

A

Epiblast

50
Q

The extraembryonic mesoderm lines which cavity?

A

Primary yolk sac/ Heuser’s cavity/ extracoelomic cavity

51
Q

The extraembryonic mesoderm comes from which cell layer?

A

Hypoblast

52
Q

The spaces that appear in the syncytiotrophoblast during the second week of gestation are what?

A

Lacunae

53
Q

What does the trophoblastic lacuna contain?

A

Maternal blood

54
Q

The primary villi is made up of which cells?

A

Cytotorophoblast

55
Q

The chorionic caviry is associated with which cavities?

A

Amniotic cavity, secondary yolk sac

56
Q

The connective stalk is made up of which layer?

A

Extraembyonic mesoderm

57
Q

Which membrane lines the secondary yolk sac?

A

Extraembryonic mesoderm

58
Q

The primary yolks sac gives rise to which structure?

A

Nothing. It regresses during the second week of gestation.

59
Q

The connecting stalk gives rise to which structure when blood vessels develop?

A

Umbilical cord

60
Q

What is the process wherein the bilaminar disc of the embryo develops into a trilaminar disc?

A

Gastrulation

61
Q

What are the three layers of the trilaminar disc?

A

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

62
Q

Which week does gastrulation occur?

A

Third week

63
Q

Gastrulation begins with the formation of which structure on the surface of the epiblast?

A

Primitive streak

64
Q

The primitive streak begins on which pole of the embryo?

A

Caudal pole

65
Q

Which cell layer gives rise to the three germ layers?

A

Epiblast

66
Q

Which structure marks the cephalic end of the bilaminar layer?

A

Prechordal plate

67
Q

The oropharyngeal layer is from which precursor?

A

Hypoblast

68
Q

The primitive streak moves to which direction?

A

Cephalic

69
Q

The hypoblast is replaced by which cells during gastrulation?

A

Endoderm

70
Q

The formation of the notochord begins from which pole?

A

Cephalic end

71
Q

The posterior wall of the secondary yolk sac becomes which structure?

A

Allantois

72
Q

What purpose does the allantois serve in the embryo?

A

A reservoir for excretion products

of the renal system

73
Q

What is the difference between primary villi and secondary villi?

A

Secondary villi have a extraembryonic mesoderm inner core.

74
Q

What is the difference between secondary villi and tertiary villi?

A

Tertiary villi have blood vessels

75
Q

Villi that extend from the chronic plate to the decidua basalis are called what?

A

Stem or anchoring villi

76
Q

Villi that branch from the side of stem villi are called what?

A

Free (terminal) villi

77
Q

When does organogenesis occur?

A

Third to eight weeks of gestation

78
Q

At the beginning of the third week of development, the ectodermal germ layer is broader caudally or cephalic?

A

Cephalic

79
Q

What is the function of the primary streak?

A

Determines body axis

80
Q

The primitive streak moves rostrally and stops at which point?

A

The prechordal plate

81
Q

What is neurulation?

A

The process by which the neural plate forms the neural tube.

82
Q 
What is formed by the extraembryonic mesoderm and trophoblasts?
   A. Amniotic membrane
   B. Chorionic membrane
   C. Heissner’s membrane
   D. Exocoelomic membrane
A

B

83
Q

Formation of the neural tube is dependent on the development of which structure?

A. Primitive streak
B. Germ layers
C. Notochord
D. Allantois

A

C

84
Q

What embryonic structure contributes to the formation of the head and neck?

A. Mesonephric ridge
B. Auricular hillock
C. Pharyngeal arches
D. Somites

A

C

85
Q

The cardiogenic area is located in which position relative to the prechordal plate?

A. Superior
B. Inferior
C. Dorsal
D. Ventral

A

C

86
Q

All primary oocytes are formed when?

A. Before birth
B. At birth
C. Puberty
D. AOTA

A

A

87
Q

What structure is the primordium of the primitive gut?

A. Primary yolk sac
B. Secondary yolk sac
C. Chorion

A

B

88
Q 
The term placental villi which lie free in the intervillous space is called?
   A. Terminal villi
   B. Stem villi
   C. Anchoring villi
   D. Primary villi
A

C

89
Q 
Embryological structure associated with urinary bladder formation
   A. Notochord 
   B. Secondary yolk sac
   C. Primitive streak
   D. Allantois
A

D

90
Q

Pregnancy hormone

A. HCG
B. hPL
C. LDL
D.GnRH

A

A

91
Q

The hypoblast forms the roof of the

a. amniotic cavity
b. yolk sac
c. chorionic cavity
d. blastocystic cavity

A

B

92
Q

Spaces within the extraembryonic mesoderm

a. amniotic sac
b. yolk sac
c. chorionic cavity
d. blastocystic cavity

A

C

93
Q

Primary role of deciduas

a. produces progesterone
b. provides immunological protection for conceptus
c. produces HCG
d. provides nutrition for the embryo

A

B

94
Q

The embryoblast is between the yolk sac and the

a. chorionic cavity
b. amniotic cavity
c. extraembryonic cavity
d. blastocystic cavity

A

B

95
Q

First sign of gastrulation

a. appearance of primitive streak
b. formation of notochord
c. development of 3 germ layers
d. development of neural tube

A

A

96
Q

At what embryonic stage can you first appreciate the presence of the notochord?

A

Neurula

97
Q

What week of the embryonic life do pharyngeal arches appear?

a. 4th wk
b. 5th wk
c. 6th wk
d. 7th wk

A

A

98
Q

Failure of the progression of lateral body folding will result to the following anomalies except

a. gastroschisis
b. omphalocoele
c. cleft sternum
d. bladder exstrophy

A

B

99
Q

Embryonic structure that persists as the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc

a. primitive streak
b. notochord
c. somite
d. . pharyngeal arch

A

B

100
Q

Villi that extends from the decidua basalis to chorion:

a) Anchoring villi
b) Terminal villi
c) Stem villi
d) Branch villi

A

A

101
Q

Villi adjacent to the decidua basalis contributing to the formation of placenta:

a) Chorion frondosum
b) Chorion laeve
c) Decidual plate
d) Chorionic villi

A

A

102
Q

Which of the following disappears as the placenta becomes older?

a) Endothelium of fetal capillaries
b) Connective tissue of villi
c) Syncytiotrophoblast
d) Cytotrophoblast

A

D

103
Q
  1. Exchange of materials between mother and fetus by?

a) Communicating lymphatic channels between mother and fetus
b) Diffusion from maternal blood sinus to fetal blood across syncytial and endothelial membrane
c) Opening between amnion and chorion
d) Anastomoses between maternal and fetal blood vessel

A

B

104
Q

What type of villi is devoid of blood vessels and connecting tissue?

a) Primary villi
b) Secondary villi
c) Tertiary villi
d) Anchoring villi

A

A

105
Q

The following is/are true of the function of the placenta:

a) Synthesizes steroid and protein hormones but not phospholipid-derived mediators which orchestrate maternal adaptations to pregnancy and regulates fetal and placental function and maturation
b) Serves as a communication interface between maternal and fetal compartments and responds to changes in chemical, endocrine, and immune signals derived from both compartments
c) Serves as a barrier by preventing the passage of waste and metabolic end-products towards the fetal side
d) AOTA

A

D

106
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin:

a) Presence of sialic acid at its terminal end prevents it from catabolic degradation
b) Its alpha-subunit is structurally related to TSH, FSH and LH
c) At less than 5 weeks age of gestation, produced in syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
d) AOTA

A

B

107
Q

A 25 y.o. pregnant woman with amenorrhea of 6 weeks is diagnosed with an ovarian cust of 8 cm. When is the best time to surgically removethe cyst?

A. immediately
B. 8-10 weeks AOG
C. after 24 weeks AOG
D. any of the above

A

B

Ontogeny (10 decks)

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