EM - Urology/Renal Flashcards
s/s of renal failure
-Oliguria
-increased BUN and creatinine
-proteinuria
-anemia
-swelling
Diagnosis of Renal Failure
Urinalysis
Serum creatinine
Diagnostic imaging
Renal biopsy
Treatment of renal failure
-dialysis
-kidney transplant
etiology of acute cystitis
etiology of acute cystitis
s/s of acute cystitis
-dysuria
-frequency
-urgency
-hematuria
diagnosis of acute cystitis
acute cystitis
UA with culture
treatment of acute cystitis
-5 days of macrobid
-3 days of bactrim
Etiology of epididymitis
-men under 40: STD (35?)
-men over 40: UTI
S/S of epididymitis
-fever
-pain and swelling
-cystitis sx
-tender and swollen testicles
-positive prehn’s sign
diagnosis of epididymitis
-UA
-urethral swab
Treatment of epididymitis
-NSAIDs
-Rest
-rocephin + doxy
(ROSH said Levo for non STD risk)
etiology of isotonic fluid volume deficit
-loss of body fluids
-decreased fluid intake
s/s of isotonic fluid volume deficit
-dehydration
-hypotension
-tachycardia
management of isotonic fluid volume deficit
replace fluids with NS
etiology of isotonic fluid volume excess
-organ failure
-increased fluid intake
s/s of isotonic fluid volume excess
-pulmonary edema
-distended neck veins
-ascites
-edema
treatment of isotonic fluid volume excess
-diuretics
-reduce Na intake
etiology of hyponatremia
-diuretics
-hypotonic IV solutions
-excessive water intake
s/s of hyponaturemia
-neuro sx
-n/v/d
-malaise
management of hyponatremia
-fluid restriction
-salt tablets
-tolvaptan
etiology of hypernatremia
-increased Na intake
-loss of body water
s/s of hypernatremia
-neuro sx
-thirst
-oliguria
-hypotension
-tachycardia
treatment of hypernatremia
-fluid replacement
etiology of hypokalemia
-renal loss
-vomiting and diarrhea
-diuretics
s/s of hypokalemia
-weakness
-cramps
-constipation
-hypotension
-palpitations
-dysrhythmias (u wave)
management of hypokalemia
potassium replacement
etiology of hyperkalemia
-excess intake
-CKD
-meds like ACEIs and ARBs
s/s of hyperkalemia
-weakness
-cramps
-diarrhea
-cramps
-n/v
-dysrhythmias
-palpitations
-hypotension
management of hyperkalemia
-IV calcium gluconate
-IV insulin and glucose
etiology of hypocalcemia
-hypoparathyroidism
-vit D deficiency
-CKD
s/s of hypocalcemia
-chvostek
-trossear
-dysrhythmias (prolonged QT)
-bone pain and fractures
management of hypocalcemia
-IV calcium
etiology of hypercalcemia
-hyperparathyroidism
-cancer
-excess vitamin D
s/s of hypercalcemia
“stones, bones, moans, psychic groans”
management of hypercalcemia
-loop diuretics
-fluids
etiology of hypomagnesemia
babinski
-chvostek
-trosseau
-cramps
-dysrhythmias
-nystagmus
-choreiform movements
treatment of hypomagnesemia
-IV mag
etiology of hypermagnesemia
-CKD
s/s of hypermagnesemia
-bradycardia
-hypotension
-lethargy
-confusion
-diminished reflexes
treatment of hypermagnesemia
IV calcium
s/s of acute glomerulonephritis
-HTN
-edema
-proteinuria
-RBC casts
immune complex deposition glomerulonephritis
antigen-antibody complexes lodge in glomerular basement membrane which cause complement to destroy membrane
anti-GBM associated acute glomerulonephritis
autoantibodies against glomerular basement membrane
pauci-immune glomerulonephritis
small vessel vasculitis with no immune complexes
treatment of glomerulonephritis
high dose steroids
urge incontinence
state in which a person experiences involuntary passage of urine that occurs soon after a strong sense of urgency to void
stress incontinence
involuntary urine leakage with increase in pressure
overflow incontinence
frequent or constant dribbling of urine due to bladder distention due to blockage
functional incontinence
inability to recognize need to urinate or get to restroom in a timely fashion when the need to urinate arises
treatment of urge incontinence
-lifestyle modifications
-kegels
-anticholinergics
treatment of overflow incontinence
-lifestyle modifications
-treat underlying cause
-indwelling catheter
treatment of functional incontinence
-lifestyle modification
what are most kidney stones made of?
Calcium oxalate
s/s of nephrolithiasis
-acute, severe flank pain
-hematuria
-urgency and frequency
-n/v
diagnosis of nephrolithiasis
-CT
treatment of nephrolithiasis
-pain control
-hydration
etiology of orchitis
-mumps
-complication of epididymitis
s/s of orchitis
-swelling, tenderness, and erythema of testis
-scrotal pain
-fever
diagnosis fo orchitis
clinical
treatment of orchitis
-NSAIDs and rest
-rocephin + doxy
etiology of acute bacterial prostatitis
-bacterial ascension up the urinary tract
-E. coli MC
s/s of acute bacterial prostatitis
-fever
-perineal pain
-irritative voiding
-hot, exquisitely tender prostate
t/f DREs are CI for bacterial prostatitis
true
treatment of bacterial prostatitis
-cipro IV
-bactrim PO or cipro PO
s/s of chronic bacterial prostatitis
-boggy, tender, enlarged prostate
-irritative voiding
-dull perineal pain
diagnosis of chronic bacterial prostatitis
-culture after prostatic massage
treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis
fluoroquinolone or bactrim
etiology of pyelonephritis
Ecoli that travels from lower urinary tracts
s/s of pyelonephritis
-fever
-chills
-n/v/d
-flank pain
-CVA tenderness
diagnosis of pyelonephritis
-UA
treatment of pyelonephritis
-IV rocephin or cipro
-PO cipro or bactrim
risk factors for testicular torsion
-bell clapper deformity
-trauma
-vigorous exercise
-cryptorchidism
s/s of testicular torsion
-unilateral severe scrotal pain and swelling
-negative prehn’s sign
-cremasteric reflex
diagnosis of testicular torsion
doppler US
treatment of testicular torsion
surgery
etiology of urethritis
-gonorrhea
-chlamydia
s/s of urethritis
-irritative voiding
-thin, watery discharge
treatment of urethritis
treat the bug
