Electrolytes and fluids

Question 1

hypocalcemia

Answer 1

Convulsions
Arrhythmias
Tetany
Spasms

Question 2

hypercalcemia

Answer 2

Decrease GI (n/v, hypoactive, decreased peristalsis, constipation, kidney stones)
Fatigue, decreased LOC
Bradycardia, cyanosis
Weakness, decreased DTRs

Question 3

hypokalemia

Answer 3

Lethargy
Low shallow respirations
Limp muscles
Lethal dysrhythmias
Leg cramps
Lots of urine output

Question 4

hyperkalemia

Answer 4

Muscle cramps
Urine abnormalities
Respiratory distress
Decreased cardiac contractility
EKG changes
Reflexes depressed / absent DTRs

Question 5

hypomagnesiemia

Question 6

hypermagnesemia

Question 7

hyponatremia

Answer 7

LOC altered
Orthotic hypotension
Weak muscles

Seizures
Osmolality low (serum)
Diarrhea
Increased ICP
Urine osmolality high
More bowel sounds

Question 8

hypernatremia

Answer 8

Fever
Restlessness and agitation
Increases fluid retention
Edema: peripheral and putting
Dry mouth

Skin flushed
Altered LOC and confusion
Low urinary output
Thirst
Elevated BP
Decreased energy

Question 9

hypochloremia

Answer 9

same as hyponatremia

Question 10

hyperchloremia

Answer 10

same as hypernatremia

Question 11

hypophosphatemia

Answer 11

hypercalcemia symptoms

Question 12

hyperphosphatemia

Answer 12

hypocalcemia symptoms

Question 13

isotonic

Question 14

hypertonic

Question 15

hypotonic

Question 16

hyperkalemia prominent ecg change

Answer 16

tall, peaked t waves

Question 17

hypokalemia prominent ecg change

Answer 17

u waves

Question 18

hypermagnesemia prominent ecg change

Answer 18

prolonged PR, wide QRS, tall T wave

similar to hyperkalemia but T wave is not peaked just tall

Question 19

hypomagnesemia prominent ecg change and F risk for

Answer 19

long QT interval

at risk for vtach and torsade de pointes

Question 20

hypercalcemia prominent ecg change and at risk for

Answer 20

shortened QT interval

at risk for bradycardia and v fib

Question 21

hypocalcemia prominent ecg change and at risk for

Answer 21

lengthened QT interval

at risk for v tach

Question 22

chloride is directly related to ________ and _______

Answer 22

sodium and potassium

Question 23

Hyperkalemia Management

Answer 23

Calcium IV
Remove sources of K+
Increased K+ secretion (diuretics, Kayexalate)
Enhance K+ uptake into cells (D5W + regular insulin, albuterol, sodium bicarbonate)
Dialysis

Question 24

Calcium has an inverse relationship with _________

Answer 24

phosphorous

Question 25

as calcium decreases phosphate _______

Answer 25

increases

Question 26

as calcium increases phosphate ______

Answer 26

decreases

Question 27

hypoparathyroidism -> ____calcemia -> _____phospahtemia

Answer 27

hypocalcemia -> hyperphosphatemia

Question 28

hyperparathyroidism -> _____calcemia -> ____phospahetmia

Answer 28

hypercalcemia -> hypophosphatemia