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Unit 2 > EEI 10/14b Knee Biomechanics I > Flashcards

EEI 10/14b Knee Biomechanics I Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two unique joints of the knee?

A
  1. Tibiofemoral joint

2. Patellofemoral joint

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2
Q

what is the importance of the tibiofemoral joint?

A

the knee is often the symptom, but it isn’t always the issue

  1. Largest synovial joint
  2. connects the two longest lever arms in the body
  3. major support in both static and dynamic situations
  4. major weight bearing joint
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3
Q

why is the knee joint commonly injured?

A
  • there is a lot of sagittal plane motion, but less in transverse and frontal
  • getting too much rotation with the two longest lever arms
  • hip, ankle and foot have lots of motion in frontal and transverse planes and the knee is directly related to those joints
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4
Q

what are the two major articulations of the knee?

A
  1. medial femoral condyle-medial tibial plateau

2. lateral femoral condyle-lateral tibial plateau

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5
Q

anatomy of the femur

A
  1. 2 femoral condyles
    - medial
    - lateral
  2. intercondylar fossa/notch
  3. troclear groove
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6
Q

what are the important aspects of the femoral condyles?

A
  1. slight convexity in frontal plane
  2. lots of convexity in the sagittal plane
  3. medial projects more distally than lateral (2/3”)
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7
Q

what does the intercondylar fossa/notch of the femur attach to?

A

cruciate ligaments attach to the intercondylar fossa/notch

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8
Q

what does the trochlear groove of the femur do during early flexion?

A

engages patella during early flexion

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9
Q

Tibia important aspects

A
  1. Tibial Condyles

2. Intercondylar tubercules

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10
Q

how do the condyles of the tibia look in different planes?

A
  1. frontal - slightly concave
  2. sagittal:
    - medial>slightly concave
    - lateral>slightly convex
  3. A/P: medial is larger than lateral
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11
Q

what are key features about the intercondylar tubercules?

A
  1. 2 bony spines

2. ligament attachments

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12
Q

how can you tell the difference between right and left menisci?

A

look for the C shaped medial meniscus from the transverse/top

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13
Q

function of the meniscus?

A
  1. enhance TF congruency
  2. distribution of forces (primary compressive loads)
  3. friction/shear reduction
  4. provide joint stability
  5. assist in lubrication of the joint
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14
Q

how does the meniscus distribute forces?

A
  • increases contact area
  • absorb 40-60% of normal load (shock absorber)
  • implication of losing meniscus = OA
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15
Q

how does the meniscus provide secondary stability?

A
  1. restraint
  2. A/P
  3. Combined valgus and rotation
  4. use lachman’s and pivot shift as tests to check meniscus function
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16
Q

what are the implications of increased stress of meniscus?

A
  • If the contact area decreases with a mensicectomy, then the stress on the articular cartilage increases tremendously
  • Long-term consequences of this are OA after 20 years
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17
Q

what kind of attachments do the MCL have to medial meniscus

A

dense tissue, less mobile

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18
Q

what kind of attachments do the LCL have to Lateral meniscus

A

more flexible

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19
Q

why do people think that the medial mensicus has a higher risk for injury?

A

medial is more restricted due to greater ligamentous/capsular restraints

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20
Q

how do the menisci deform and slide with tibiofemoral movement in WB and NWB?

A
  • Knee extension: deform & slide anteriorly
  • Knee flexion: deform & slide posteriorly
  • *WB: both move and deform, lateral moves more (in general, more deformation in WB)
  • *NWB: both move and deform, again lateral moves more (less deformation in NWB)
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21
Q

during knee flexion what kind of compression of the menisci?

A
  • not pure compression

- get active contraction of semimembranosis (medial) and popliteus (lateral) that assists with posterior glide

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22
Q

how are meniscal tears caused?***

A
  • twisting/pivoting on loaded limb
  • more common with medial
  • local synovitis
  • bucket handle tears (acute), part of meniscus flips up and the knee is locked > springy end feel, won’t be able to gain any range of motion
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23
Q

how do menisci get nutrition?

A
  • blood supply by age:
    1. infancy: 100% meniscus
    2. WB to age 50: diminishes to outer periphery 25-33%
    3. age 50: only the periphery
  • capillaries are only on the periphery
  • aided cyclic loading
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24
Q

what is the problem with immobilization and the meniscus?

A

since it is aided by cyclic loading, NWB is problematic because meniscus can’t get nutrients

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25
Q

what is the impact of not getting repair/removal surgery of the meniscus for chronic mensical tears where motion is not limited

A

with patients who have non-locking symptoms, having surgery has no difference between doing rehab or just getting a scope input into the knee

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26
Q

what are the main functions of articular cartilage

A
  1. Decreases friction (6x more slippery than ice)
  2. Withstands compression (shock absorber)
  3. Resists wear
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27
Q

what are different kinds of injuries of articular cartilage

A
  1. acute traumatic lesion to femur
    - conservative approach: microfractures
    - another approach: host procedures, issues with WB, difficulties with scaffoling
  2. degenerative lesions
    - multiple causes (aging)
    - peripheral tissues affected
    - OA
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28
Q

normal alignment of the femur and tibia

A
  • slight genu valgus
  • approx 170-175 degrees valgus is normal
  • males have a greater angle than females, thus females have more genu valgum (knock knee)
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29
Q

what are the angles for excessive genu valgum and genu varum?

A
  • genu valgum <=165 degrees

- genu varum >= 180 degrees

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30
Q

mechanical axis (LBA) of femur and tibia

A
  • from femoral head to knee center
  • from knee center to ankle center
  • varies with alignment
  • Varus, LBA moves medially
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31
Q

what are implications of the LBA moving medially?

A
  • varus causes the movement of the LBA medially

- this causes increased wear on the medial cartilage because of increased compression

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32
Q

varus moment in bilateral stance

A

ADDUCTION moment

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33
Q

valgus moment in bilateral stance

A

ABDUCTION moment

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34
Q

what are implications of LBA moving laterally?

A
  • genu valgum affects knee in addition to ankle and hip
  • posterior tibialis has excessive pronation
  • hip goes into adduction, there could be weakness that contributes to the issue
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35
Q

during single limb stance, what compartment bears the most weight?

A
  • the medial compartment bears the greatest weight = 2.25 x BW
  • lateral compartment 0.91 x BW
  • in frontal plane, getting external adduction (varus moment) so we see a lot of the motion going medially
  • there is a greater moment/torque for a person who is naturally in genu varus because the moment arm is longer and he/she automatically goes into varus torque during single leg stand in walking
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36
Q

how does one reduce adduction moments?

A
  1. Surgical (amount of reduction depends on level of anatomic realignment)
    - Osteotomy (High tibial OR Distal femoral): opening a bone and creating a wedge to correct alignment, good for isolated medial compartment OA
    - TKA and correction of alignment
  2. Conservative standpoint with PT
    - Lateral wedging (5-12% reduction of ADD moment)
    - Valgus bracing (8-12% reduction of ADD moment)
    - Gait modification (5-40% reduction of ADD moment)
  3. Additional things:
    strengthening quads and stretching
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37
Q

what does knee OA result from?

A
  1. mechanical and biological events that disrupt the coupling between synthesis and degradation of:
  • Articular cartilage chondrocytes
  • Subchondral bone
  1. Risk Factors:

Genetic
Developmental
Traumatic
Intrinsic

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38
Q

what are the changes in cartilage, subchondral bone, and osteophytes with knee OA?

A

Cartilage: fibrillation, ulceration and loss less space
Subchondral bone loss
Osteophytes increase

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39
Q

what is the change in gait pattern with knee OA?

A
  • stiffened gait pattern
  • knee stiffened in mid stance
  • lasts even up to 2-5 years even after ACL surgery
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40
Q

major classifications of osteokinematics

A
  • Flexion/extension
  • Internal/external rotation
  • Abduction/adduction (valgus/varus)
  • medial/lateral
  • superior/inferior
  • anterior/posterior
41
Q

creating a relationship between adduction and abduction

A

adduction (varus) /abduction (valgus)

-relationship of the distal segment relative to the midline of the proximal segment

42
Q

femur internally rotating, yields what tibial rotation?

A

tibia rotates externally

43
Q

during flexion/extension what motion do we get of the knee?

A
  • roll and slide/glide

- horizontal line through the femoral epicondyles

44
Q

what are the primary reasons why we get roll and glide of tibia and femur?

A

cruciate ligaments

45
Q

arthokinematics of the knee

A

Weight Bearing
1. flexion: posterior roll, anterior glide
2. extension: anterior roll, posterior glide
Non-Weight Bearing
1. flexion: roll and glide posterior
2. extension: roll and glide anterior

46
Q

range of motion is depicted as:

A

hyperextension - neutral - flexion

47
Q

ROM of knee during different activities

A

Flexion/Extension
Passive ROM: 20-0-160°
Gait: 0-70°
Stairs/sitting: 0-90°+

**Position of the hip impacts the ROM because of the rectus femoris of quad and the hamstrings

48
Q

adduction/abduction ROM

A
  1. Axes of motion
    Adduction: medial femoral condyle
    Abduction: lateral femoral condyle
  2. In full extension, 8° total available ROM
    In 20° flexion, 13° total (increases because full extension is closed pack and 20degrees is open pack so there is some joint play)
49
Q

why is there small available ROM in extension vs at 90degrees?

A

full extension is closed pack so there is less motion and 20degrees is open pack so there is some joint play

50
Q

***screw home mechanism yields

A
  1. Tibia externally rotates during last 20 of extension (open chain)
  2. Femur internally rotates on the tibia during the last 20 degrees of extension
  3. *****Main reasons for screw home mechanism
    - Bony meniscus (a/p length of medial condyle is longer than that of the lateral)
    - Ligament restrictions (ACL/PCL)
    - Slight lateral pull (of ligaments on quad)
51
Q

significance of unlocking the knee

A

-internally rotate the tibia on the femur during early flexion (NWB)
Caused by popliteus muscle

52
Q

significance of closed pack position and the knee

A

Full extension creates maximal:

  1. Bony congruency - tibial tubercles lodged in intercondylar notch
  2. Ligamentous tautness
53
Q

significance of loose pack position and the knee

A

25° of knee flexion

  1. Minimal bony congruence
  2. Ligaments lax
  3. Minimal intra-articular pressure
    - Relevance to injury: safer to land in a more open pack position where ligaments aren’t as taught
54
Q

tibiofemoral joint stability

A
  1. Joint Capsule
    Retinacula - really dense, during TKA yields a lot of loss of ROM
    Synovial Lining
2. 4 Main Knee Joint Ligaments
Anterior Cruciate
Posterior Cruciate
Medial Collateral
Lateral Collateral
55
Q

define the cruciate ligaments

A
  • intra-articular, but extra-synovial (within joint, but have a lining between ligament and fluid)
  • poor blood supply
  • named according to tibial attachment
56
Q

ACL/PCL travels:

A

ACL: anterior aspect of the tibia, posteriorly and laterally
PCL: posterior aspect of the tibia, travels anteriorly and medially

57
Q

how many bands does the ACL have?

A

2 bundles

sometimes do double bundle reconstruction to increase stability and get more rotational motion

58
Q

ACL Primary job

A
  1. Primary restraint to anterior translation of the tibia on the femur
    - Accepts 75-86% of load with anterior directed force on tibia
  2. Primary restraint to hyperextension
59
Q

ACL secondary restraints**

A
  1. Assists with resistance to INTERNAL ROTATION of the tibia on the femur
  2. Assists with resisting varus and valgus forces
60
Q

KT-1000

A

allows to measure translation of tibia on femur
completed at 30 degrees
normal translation is about 5-8mm

61
Q

stress/strain of acl

A

normal: strain = 2-4%
tear: strain = 6-8%

62
Q

can you do open chain exercises post ACL reconstruction?

A

yes
the more extension, the more anterior translation, the more strain, so people worry that it would be too much strain

BUT, it is actually know that the strain won’t have negative implications. Gradually increase degree of knee extension

63
Q

ACL strain during different close chain vs open chain activities

A
  1. in close chain, with a 30lb weight and squat, the hamstrings have a big impact and strain is reduced on the ACL
  2. in open chain, with a 10lb weight the strain is around the same, this is because the exercise is isolated to the quad
64
Q

prevelance of ACL injuries

A
  • 20% of all knee injuries
  • 70% are non contact injuries
  • there are gender biases towards women:
    1. structural
    2. biomechanical
    3. neuromuscular
65
Q

why is it more common to see ACL tear in females than males?

A
  • Smaller in length, cross-sectional area, and volume
  • Less stiff and fails at lower loads
  • Area occupied by collagen fiber is lower
66
Q

ACL Biomechanical differences in females vs males

A

-Higher knee valgus angles and moments
-Decreased Hip flexion angles and knee flexion stiffness during cutting
-Greater hip adduction
-Trunk adaptations
-Hip transverse and
frontal plane angles
influence knee valgus
moments

67
Q

define lower extremity valgus

A

Combined: Knee ABD, hip ADD/IR, anterior translation of tibia, ankle eversion.

68
Q

ACL neuromuscular difference in female vs male

A

-Weaker hip and knee strength (earlier quad activation strength)
-Muscle activation pattern differences in both anticipated and unanticipated maneuvers
(females activate glutes slower than males)

69
Q

what is the significance of the PCL

A
  • Runs from superior-anterior-medial (femur) to inferior-posterior-lateral (tibia)
  • Compared to the ACL:
    1. Shorter
    2. Less oblique
    3. Greater CSA (120-150%)
  • blends with posterior capsule
70
Q

do you see PCL or ACL tears more often?

A

ACL!
PCL is shorter, broader, and has a greater CSA so it is stronger
-provides posterior translation of the tibia
-it’s job lends it to be injured less

71
Q

what is a main cause of a PCL tear?

A
  • fall and hit your tibial tubercule on the floor, occurs when your ankle is plantar flexed and pushes it posteriorly (when knee hits the ground in a fall)
  • –if you land with your foot dorsiflexed, it’s a patellar contusion
72
Q

how many bands does the PCL have?

A

2

one is tight in flexion and the other is tight in extension

73
Q

primary restraints of the PCL

A

Restricts posterior translation of the tibia on the femur

  1. In full flexion – taut, absorbs 93% of posteriorly directed loads
  2. Maximum excursion occurs at 75-90°
  3. Bands
    - Anterolateral: tight in flexion
    - Posteromedial: taut in extension
  4. Non-weight bearing flexion: PCL opposes posterior pull of knee flexors
74
Q

what do you limit after PCL reconstruction?

A

limit hamstring curls for 3-4 months b/c pull tibia posteriorly and messes with PCL

75
Q

PCL secondary restraints

A
  • assists with resistance to external rotation of the tibia on the femur
  • assists with resistance of varus and valgus forces
76
Q

MCL Attachments

A

High and low attachments
above the medial condyle of the femur and below the medial surface of the shaft of the tibia
-800N force to failure

77
Q

Layers of the MCL

A

3 layers

  1. superficial (pes anserinus)
  2. Middle (superficial MCL)
  3. Deep (deep MCL)

blends in with superficial fascia all the way to the pes anserinus and attaches to the medial meniscus

78
Q

MCL on knee extension and flexion

A
  • taut upon full knee extension: helps resist hyperextension
  • during extension: superficial vertical fibers relaxed and deep oblique fibers taut
  • during flexion: superficial vertical fibers are tight and deep oblique fibers relaxed

MORE INJURY IN EXTENSION where ligament is tighter

79
Q

difference between MCL and LCL

A

MCL is broader and not as distinct as LCL
MCL is strong
MCL is attached to medial meniscus that has less mobility, thus it is prone to injury

80
Q

primary job of MCL

A
  1. resist valgus forces -> limits external rotation of the tibia (gapping medially, compressing laterally)
  2. resist anterior translation of the tibia on the femur
81
Q

25 degree knee flexion impact on MCL

A

open pack position
-MCL contributes 78% valgus stress

thus, at open pack position, valgus is more because there are less stability forces keeping the knee congruent

82
Q

5 degree of knee flexion impact on MCL

A

closed pack position
-MCL contributes to 57% of valgus stress

thus, at close pack position, valgus is less because there are other stability forces keeping the knee congruent

83
Q

LCL attachments

A

attaches from the anterior styloid of the fibula to the posterior femoral condyle

tolerates 392 N of force to failure (half the force of MCL)

really cordlike

84
Q

why is LCL injury less common than MCL?

A

LCL requires varus force mechanism for tear and varus forces are less common to generate than valgus forces

MCL injury caused by valgus stress
LCL injury caused by varus stress

85
Q

primary job of the LCL

A

resist varus forces and resist hyper-extension

86
Q

IT band function

A
  • anterolateral support to the knee
    1. in knee extension: IT band is anterior to knee axis
    2. in knee flexion: IT band is posterior to knee axis
87
Q

IT band attachments

A

TFL all the way to insert in gerdy’s turbercule and to the patella via the lateral patellafemoral ligament

88
Q

Posterior capsule function

A

Resists hyper-extension

PCL blends with it

89
Q

with a lot of hyperextension, what is the issue?

A

posterior capsule laxity (>5 degrees) - genu recurvatum

-injuries are not common

90
Q

Posterolateral corner function**

A

resists varus stress, external rotation, and posterior translation

a lot of variability

91
Q

how do you test the posterolateral corner function?

A

dial test
30 degrees degrees knee flexion and maximal external rotation

if one leg goes a lot further than 30 degrees there is an issue with the posterolateral corner because there is laxity

92
Q

posterolateral corner major stabilizers

A
  1. LCL (FCL)
  2. Popliteo-fibular ligament
  3. Popliteus muscle and tendon
    - tendon unlocks the knee
    - structural stability
93
Q

5 major components of the posteromedial corner?

A

a lot of different structures on the inside of the knee that helps check motion other than the MCL

  1. posterior horn of the medial meniscus
  2. posterior oblique ligament
  3. semimembranosus
  4. posteromedial joint capsule
  5. oblique popliteal ligament
94
Q

overall, what’s the main significance of the posterolateral and posteromedial corners of the knee?

A

in addition to stability in varus and valgus, they provide a lot of rotary stability

95
Q

Muscles of the TF joint

A
  • generally considered flexors and extensors

- ALL have moment arms capable of generating frontal and transverse plane moments

96
Q

Knee flexors

A
  1. hamstrings (semimembranosus - attaches to medial meniscus, semitendinosus - part of the pes anserinus, biceps femoris). cross the hip joint and extend it and flex the knee joint
  2. gastroc
  3. popliteus
  4. gracilis
  5. plantaris (often absent)
97
Q

pes anserine

A

say grace before tea
sartorius most anteriorly
gracilis
semitendinosis last one

all attach medially on the tibia as one converged tendon

98
Q

quad weakness

A

loss of eccentric control during gait

  • less knee flexion during weight acceptance
  • less force attenuation - greater TF compressive forces
  • linked to early onset of OA and second ACL injury
99
Q

compensations for quad weakness

A

at the hip and the ankle

Unit 2 (31 decks)

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