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Sociology > Education - Social Policy > Flashcards

Education - Social Policy Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Education Pre 1833

A

No state education
The rich could pay for education

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2
Q

Education in 1880

A

School became compulsory from 5 - 13
M/C were given academic education, W/C were given vocational education

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3
Q

Education in 1944

A

The tripartite system:
- 11+ exam was introduced
- Children were sorted into grammar and secondary modern schools

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4
Q

Education in 1965

A

Comprehensive School System:
- All children attended the same type of school

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5
Q

Education from 1988

A

Marketisation:
- Schools are ran like businessess
- Aimed at increasing standards and competition

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6
Q

What is the tripartite system?

A

Pupils were sorted into different schools after the 11+ exam in their final year of primary school
(Grammar, Secondary Modern, Technical)

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7
Q

Characteristics of Grammar schools

A
  • Elitist
  • Focused on exams and academics
  • Majority middle-class
  • Access to higher education
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8
Q

Characteristics of Secondary Modern

A
  • Mainly working class
  • For those who failed the 11+ exam
  • Focused on manual labour
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9
Q

Characteristics of Technical schools

A
  • Very few people attended them
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10
Q

Why do some sociologists criticise the tripartite system?

A

Argue it reproduces inequality within society
- Separated the social classes
- Created unequal opportunities
- Reproduced gender inequality as girls needed a higher score than boys to go to grammar school

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11
Q

How might Functionalists view the tripartite system?

A
  • Helps with role allocation
  • Meritocratic = everyone sits the same test
  • Viewed positively
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12
Q

How might Marxists view the tripartite system?

A
  • Unfair system
  • Produces further inequality
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13
Q

What is the comprehensive school system? (1965)

A
  • All students are taught all subjects under one roof
  • Wanted to remove inequality
  • Encouraged meritocracy as (in theory) everyone is taught the same content to the same level
  • However, it was the local authorities decision to go comprehensive or not, and many didn’t
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14
Q

How would Marxists view the comprehensive system?

A
  • Serves the interests of capitalism
  • Legitimises class inequality
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15
Q

How would Functionalists view the comprehensive system?

A
  • Promotes social integration between classes
  • Meritocratic
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16
Q

What did Julienne Ford find about social integration in comprehensive schools?
(1969)

A

She found little social mixing between the classes, largely due to streaming

17
Q

What was the 1988 Education Reform Act?

A
  • Introduced by Margaret Thatcher + Conservative government
  • Shift away from state involvement
  • Emphasis on competitiveness to increase standards
18
Q

What did the 1997 New Labour do?

A
  • Tony Blair + Gordan Brown
  • Continued many of Thatcher’s policies
19
Q

What did the 2010 Conservative-Lib Dem coalition do?

A
  • David Cameron + Nick Clegg
  • Pushed academisation
  • Pushed free schools
20
Q

What is Parentocracy?
(Miriam David 1993)

A

Rule by parents
- When the power shifts from the producers (schools) to the consumers (parents + students)

21
Q

What does parentocracy do?

A

Provides more variety and a tailored education to suit the needs of the students

22
Q

What do some sociologists argue about marketisation?

A

It has helped to reproduce inequalities in the education system

23
Q

What did Bartlett (1993) say that league tables allow schools to do?

A
  • Cream-skimming
  • Silt-Shifting
24
Q

What is Cream-skimming?

A
  • Schools choose their own pupils
  • High achievers are recruited
  • Mostly m/c students
25
Q

What is Silt-Shifting?

A
  • The worse performing students are filtered out
  • Prevents damage to the league tables
26
Q

Why is Cream-Skimming and Silt-Shifting bad for w/c pupils?

A
  • Harder for them to get a place in a good school
  • Proximity to the school is prioritised, which is difficult for w/c pupils as those areas are more expensive
27
Q

What is The Funding Formula?

A

Successful schools get more money as they enroll more students, which leaves other schools with less funding

28
Q

What did Getwirtz say about Parental Choice?

A

There are 3 types of parents:
- Privileged-skilled choosers
- Semi-skilled choosers
- Disconnected-local choosers

29
Q

What is a Privileged-skilled chooser?

A
  • Mainly professional m/c parents
  • Use their economic and cultural capital to gain educational capital for their children
  • Confident and well-educated
  • Takes full advantage of their choices
30
Q

What is a Semi-skilled chooser?

A
  • Mainly w/c
  • Ambitious for their children but found the education market confusing
  • Had to rely on others’ opinions
  • Frustrated they couldn’t get their children into the best schools
31
Q

What is a Disconnected-local chooser?

A
  • W/C parents
  • Choices limited by their lack of cultural + economic capital
  • Less confident and less aware of the choices available
  • Distance + cost of travel were issues
32
Q

What is the myth of parentocracy?
(Stephan Ball)

A
  • Argues that marketisation gives the appearance of free choice but that isn’t what actually happens
  • The middle class has advantages over the w/c
33
Q

What did the New Labour 1997 - 2010 gov aim to do?

A

Aimed to reduce the amount of inequality in society by focusing on education

34
Q

What policies did New Labour implement?

A
  • Education Action Zones
  • Aim Higher Programme
  • Education Maintenance Allowance
  • National Literacy Strategy
35
Q

Why did Benn (2012) criticise New Labour?

A

Believed that the policies were contradictory as many of the policies still aligned to marketisation

36
Q

Characteristics of Academies

A
  • Publicly funded independent schools
  • Not controlled by the local authorities
  • Don’t have to follow the national curriculum
  • Many are sponsored by businesses, faith groups, unis, and other schools
37
Q

Characteristics of Free Schools

A
  • Set up and run by parents, teachers, faith organisations or businesses
  • Take control away from the state
38
Q

What did Aleen (2010) say about free schools?

A

Argues that research from Sweden shows that they only benefit children from highly educated families

Sociology (11 decks)

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