Education - Ethnicity Flashcards
Which ethnicity perfomed the best at GCSEs?
Chinese
Which ethnicity performed the worst at GCSEs?
Romas/Travellers
What did Bereiter and Engelmann conclude about low-income black American families’ speech?
They spoke in an ungrammatical, disjointed way, which meant they were unable to express abstract ideas
What to Gillborn and Mirza argue about Indian pupils?
That they do very well in education despite not having English as the main language spoken at home.
What did Platt and Parsons (2018) find out in their study?
- Studied 7-14 year olds, both white and ethnic minorities
- Found out that ethnic minorities had higher career aspirations
What did Moynihan propose?
- As many black families have a lone mother, their children are deprived of adequate care as they stuggle financially
- The absence of a male role model impacts boys
- There is a cultural deprivation cycle, wherein the children fail in education and become inadequate parents themselves
What did Driver argue?
- Criticised Moynihan for ignoring the positive effects of black family structures
- The strong independent role model inspires girls
- Argues that is why black girls outperform black boys
What does Tony Sewell believe?
(2009)
- Absent fathers lead to inadequate socialisation of young black boys
- They lack ‘tough love’
- They seek out street gangs to gain their emotional needs
What is argued as the greatest barrier to black success in schools?
Anti-educational peer pressure
What does Sewell say about Asian families?
- They have a strong work ethic
- Place high value on education
- Supportive
- Teach children to be respectul of adults, which passes onto teachers
What did McCulloch find out?
Ethnic minority children are more likely to aspire to go to university than white British pupils
What did Lupton find out about behaviour?
- Interviewed teachers in 4 different schools
- White w/c boys were the most poorly behaved
- Although, fewer white w/c boys were on FSM than ethnic minorities
- Teachers blamed their behaviour on poor parental support and negative views of education
- Meanwhile, ethnic minorities saw education as a way up in society
What did Evans (2006) argue about street culture?
- Street culture in white w/c areas is brutal
- The skills they learn go against the school system
- Intimidation and having a tough persona was important
- Lead to disruption and a higher chance of failure in school
What does Keddie say about culture?
- The education system favours white culture
- Ethnocentric
- She wishes to introduce multicultural education and anti-racist education
How many children from ethnic minority backgrounds are in low-income households?
Almost 1/2
(In comparison to 1/4 white)
What kind of areas do most ethnic minorities live in?
Economically depressed areas with high unemployment and low wage rates
What happens to asylum seekers?
They may not be allowed to work
What was Wood’s (2010) study?
- Sent 3 closely matched job applications to almost 1,000 vacancies
- 2 ethnic names, 1 white name
- 1/16 minority were offered an interview
- 1/9 white were offered an interview
What did Wood’s study conclude?
Minorities were more likely to face unemployment and low pay, which impacts their children’s educational success
What did Gillborn and Mirza (2000) find out about black children?
Black children where the highest achievers upon entering primary school but were the worst performing group by the end of secondary school, 21% below the average
What did Strans (2010) find out?
- Analysed 530,000 7-11 year olds
- Concluded many black pupils fall behind after starting school
- Black Caribbean boys not on FSM made significantly less progress than their white peers
How are black pupils labelled?
Disruptive and agressive
How are Asian pupils labelled?
Passive and unengaged
What did Gillborn and Youdell (2000) find out about discipline?
- Teachers were quicker to discipline black students for the same behaviour as white students
- They misinterpreted their behaviour as threatening or challening their authority
- Their abilities were underestimated and were negatively targeted
- This stems from racial stereotypes and prejudgement
What did Foster (1990) say about streaming?
Teachers low expectations and assumptions of black pupils’ behaviour lead to them often being placed in lower streams, which can then lead to underachievement due to the self-fulfilling prophecy
What does Wright (1992) say about Asian students?
- As they were assumed to have a poor grasp of English, they were left out of class disscussions
- They were not pushed with challening work
- They felt isolated due to their culture being disapproved and their names being mispronounced
- Often ignored
What did Archer (2008) say about identities?
Teachers hold stereotypical ethnic identities:
Pathologised pupil identity
Demonised pupil identity
Ideal pupil identity
What is the Pathologised pupil identity?
- Asian
- Femininsed identity
- Asexual
- Seen as conformist
- Harder worker
- Over-achiever
What is the Demonised pupil identity?
- White or Black
- Working-class
- Hyper-sexualised
- Seen as unintelligent
- Peer-led
- Culturally deprived
- Underachiever
What is the Ideal pupil identity?
- White
- Middle-class
- Masculine
- Heterosexual
- Achieving through natural ability
What did Fuller’s study find out?
- Studed 11 black girls in a comprehensive school
- High achievers, in high streams
- Labelled negatively by teachers
- Channeled their anger into educational success
- Saw the teachers as racist
- Didn’t seek approval from the school
- Maintained status within peer groups but kept educational success too
What did Fuller’s study prove?
1) Pupils can still succeed without conforming
2) Negative labels do not always result in failure
What did Mirza’s (1992) study show?
- Followed 62 black girls who were trying to mitigate the effects of negative labelling
- They got on with their work and chose subjects to avoid racist teachers
- The self-limiting of options resulted in disadvantages
What is a ‘colour blind’ teacher?
Mirza (1992)
Teachers who believe all pupils are equal but let racism go unchallenged
What is a ‘liberal chauvinist’ teacher?
Mirza (1992)
Teacher who believe black pupils are culturally deprived and have low expectations of them
What is a ‘overt racist’ teacher?
Mirza (1992)
Teachers who believe black pupils are inferior and actively discriminate against them
What groups of black pupils did Sewell discover?
The Conformists (keen to succeed)
The Innovators (pro-education but anti-school)
The Rebels (anti-authority, anti-school)
The Retreatists (disconnected from school)
What is individual racism?
Results from the prejudiced views of individual teachers + others
What is institutional racism?
Discrimination that is built into the way institutions such as schools + colleges operate
How is the Windrush Scandal an example of institutional racism?
A change in the legal system led to black Caribbean people suddenly being classed as illegal immigrants as they didn’t have the right documentation
What does Gillborn (2008) think instituational racism is manifested by?
- Marketisation and Segregation
- Ethnocentric curriculum
- Assessment policies
- Access to opportunities
What does Gillborn say about Marketisation and Segregation?
As schools are allowed to be selective about who they take in, this allows for discrimination against minority groups
What did Moore and Davenport (1990) find to support Marketisation and Segregation?
- US selection proceedures lead to racial segregation as minority pupils fail to get into better secondary schools
- Primary schools reports were used to screen out pupils with language difficulties
- Application forms were purposefully made hard for non-English speaking parents to fill out
What was discovered in the Commission for Racial Equality (1993)?
- Reports from primary schools stereotype minority pupils
- Racist bias in interviews for school places
- Lack of application forms in minority languages
- Minortiy ethnic parents are often unaware of how the waiting list system works and the importance of deadlines
What does Coard (1971) argue minority pupils suffered from?
The history of colonialism that is taught, with natives being presented as inferior, leading to bullying and low self-esteem
What is the Foundation Stage Profile?
- Introduced in 2003
- Teachers would assess pupil ability over time
- This allowed for subjectivity
What did Gillborn find about the Foundation Stage Profile?
In one local authority, black children went from the highest achievers in 200 to the lowest in all measurements by 2003
What is the Gifted and Talented programme?
- Aimed at meeting the needs of more able pupils in inner-city schools
- Gillborn found whites were twice as likely as Black Caribbeans to be identified, and five times more likely than Black Africans
Why is Sewell critical of Gillborn?
Sewell disagrees that institutional racism is the cause of black underachievement and instead points to external factors
