Education - Internal Factors (Class Difference)

Question 1

What is labelling?

Answer 1

The process by which powerful individuals/groups apply a positive or negative expectation onto another individual/group

Question 2

Which class is labelled positively in the education system?

Answer 2

The middle class

Question 3

Who did Howard Becker study?

Answer 3

60 high school students in Chicago

Question 4

What did Howard Becker find out?

Answer 4

Teachers prejudged pupils on how closely they fit their idea of an ‘ideal pupil’
(Judged based on appearance, work, behaviours)

Question 5

What did Amelia Hempel-Jorgensen find out?

Answer 5

Teachers’ ideas of an ‘ideal pupil’ can be shaped by the schools in which they work in
W/C Environment: Quiet, passive, obedient
M/C Environment: Hard working, determined

Question 6

What did Dunne + Gazeley do?

Answer 6

Interviewed 9 high schools in England

Question 7

What did Dunne + Gazeley find out?

Answer 7

Teachers would normalise the underachievement of working class pupils as they believe they couldn’t be changed, whereas effort was given to m/c pupils to help them succeed

Question 8

What did Ray Rist do?

Answer 8

Examined how kindergarten teachers labelled pupils based on their backgrounds and physical appearance

(Grouped into The Tigers and The Cardinals and The Clowns)

Question 9

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 9

When people become the label that has been applied to them because of how they are treated

Question 10

What did Rosenthal + Jacobson do?

Answer 10

20% of pupils were assigned as ‘spurters’, which was told to the teachers. They were selected at random.

47% of ‘spurters’ made significant progress over their classmates because of their treatment and self-belief

Question 11

What is streaming?

Answer 11

Storting pupils into different groups based on their abilities

Question 12

What are the disadvantages of streaming?

Answer 12

Lower streams are not challenged in education, leading to lower IQ and worse performance

W/C children often end up in lower streams

Question 13

What is the educational triage?
(Gillborn and Youdell)

Answer 13

A streaming policy within schools that correlated to the A-to-C economy

Question 14

What is differentiation?
(Colin Lacey)

Answer 14

Teachers categorising pupils based on how they percieve their ability, attitude, and behaviour

Question 15

What is polarisation?
(Colin Lacey)

Answer 15

A process in which pupils respond to streaming by moving to one of the oppsite ‘poles’ or extremes

Question 16

What are the characteristics of a pro-school subculture?

Answer 16

• Pupils in high streams
• Gain status through approved manner (academic success)
• Values align with those of the school
• Largely middle-class

Question 17

What are the characteristics of an anti-school subculture?

Answer 17

• Pupils in lower streams
• Often working-class
• Low self-esteem
• Gains status by inverting the school’s values
• Traunting, not doing homework, smoking

Question 18

What negative effects continued when streaming was abolished?
(Stephan Ball)

Answer 18

• Pupil labelling
• Middle-class were labelled better

Question 19

What is a limitation of the labelling theory?

Answer 19

It is determinsitic
- Some labels don’t stick
- Some actively reject their labels

Question 20

What do Marxists think of labelling?

Answer 20

• Argue it largely ignores the structure of power within society and fails to explain why students are labelled
• Argue that the entire education system is aimed at increasing inequality in schools

Question 21

What is habitus?
(Bourdieu 1984)

Answer 21

The way in which certain social groups form opinions and they types of behaviours that are learned and taken-for-granted.
A way of life for a particular social class.

Question 22

What are ‘Nike identities’?
(Archer)

Answer 22

Working-class students who generated thier own status and self-worth throught style and clothing brands.
- Heavily policed by peer groups
- Ensured safety from bullying
- Conflicted with the dress code
- Percieved as rebellious

Question 23

What was Ingram’s 2009 study about?

Answer 23

• Studied 2 groups of working-class Catholic boys in Belfast
• 1 group went to grammar school and the other went to a local secondary school
• The working-class prioritised community and branded streetware
• Callum (a grammar student) was picked on for wearing a tracksuit on non-uniform day
• Working-class pupils had to abandon their identity if they wanted to succeed