Education 1 Flashcards
4 key areas of Functionalism and sociologists
- social solidarity - durkeim
- specialist skills and knowledge - durkheim
- bridge between home and society - parsons
- meritocracy and role allocation - davis and moore
4 key ares of Marxism and sociologists
- Ideological State Apparatus - althusser
- education creates a passive workforce - bowles and gintis
- Myth of meritocracy - bowles and gintis
- Neo-Marxism - learning to labour - willis
what is symbolic violence?
working class lacks cultural capital to succeed
what is the correspondence principle?
there’s a correspondence between school relationships and structures at work that teaches pupils norms and values preparing them to be exploited
any 3 correspondence principles
- authority hierarchy - hierarchy at work
- school rules, detentions - conformity to society’s laws
- competitions, sports - competing for jobs
- respect for teachers - respect for suthorities
- punctuality - time-keeping at work
- boring schoolwork - boring job
- lack of control over the subjects - lack of power at work
- grading by ability - difference in pay
Paul Willis’s study (n of boys)
learning to labour (12)
4 key areas of New Right
- Marketisation
- Parentocracy
- Consumer choice
- Meritocracy
4 advantages of free market system
- Individual freedom
- Efficiency
- Innovation
- Economic growth
New Right policies (marketisation)
- League tables (GCSEs A-levels)
- National curriculum
- Ofsted
- Formula funding
- open enrolment
why parentocracy favours middle class
middle class can afford to move to the area with better state schools so the schools whose admissions are based on geographical catchment area don’t reject them
what did Chubb and Moe do?
compared the achievemnts of low income students.
- eduaction is not meritocratic
- poor pupils do 5% better in private schools
- introduced a voucher system
4 key areas of postmodernism
- consumer based society
- rise in cultural diversity and hybridity
- fragmented society
- hyperreal society
the butler act
- 1944
- all children took 11+
- grammar schools
- technical schools
- secondary modern schools
comprehensive system
- 1965
- schools are controlled by local education authorities LEAs
- streaming
the new right government’s education act
- 1988
- league tables
- national curriculum
- ofsted
- formula funding
- open enrolment
new labour’s policies aimed at improving standards
- student loans
- increased number of places in universities
- tougher Ofsted inspections
- extension of school career from 4 to 18
- class size reduced to 30
- literacy and numeracy hour
- academies
policies by the new labour aimed at improving equality of opportunity
- education action zones = extra funding for schools in deprived areas
- sure start centes = 12hr a week nursery provision for children 2-4
- EMA = 30$ a week to encourage low income students (16-18) to stay in education for longer
new labour’s policies aimed at increasing diversity
- specialist schools
- child-centred learning
- faith schools (expanded)
impact of the new labour’s policies on the standards
- SATs and GCSEs have improved
- established a learning society whereby the education is more valued
impact of the new right government’s policies on the standards
- national curriculum - broader curriculum provided
- 30% more students are meeting government’s requirement of 5 GCSEs 9-4
the coalition’s policies
- spending cuts to reduce taxes
- cuts the EMA
- increasing the academies
- adding free schools
- pupil premium = 900$ per pupil for deprived children
what’s the marxist evaluation against academies?
Academies enable those with money to shape the curriculum
social class and achievement - 3 external factors
- Material deprivation - Gibson and Asthana
- Cultural deprivation
- Cultural capital
social class and achievement - 5 internal factors
- school type and ethos
- labelling
- subcultures
- streaming, banding, setting
- marketisation
ethnicity and achievement - 4 external factors
- material deprivation
- cultural deprivation
- cultural capital
- racism in wider society
4 ways that ethnic minorities are culturally deprived
- lack of lingusitic skills
- poor primary socialisation and family life
- poor family structure - black caribbean boys
- poor attitudes and values
ethnicity and achievement - 4 internal factors
- teacher labelling
- subcultures
- institutional racism
- ethnocentric curriculum
gender and achievement - 6 external factors (girls)
- impact of feminism
- changes in the family structure
- changes in women’s employment
- changing women’s ambition
- girls mature faster than boys
- gender socialisation
gender and achievement - 3 external factors (boys)
- socialisation and crisis of masculinity
- leisure patterns
- boys and reading
gender and achievement - 4 internal factors
- teacher labelling
- subcultures
- national curriculum & coursework
- feminisation of education
- boys’ overconfidence
school reinforcing gender identities + link with class: study of Parnell school + sociologist
Mac an Ghaill
- w/c boys didn’t make an effort because they wanted to be viewed as ‘cool’
- m/c boys would try succeed behind the scenes but in public project an image of effortless achievement
school reinforcing gender identities: study of influence of female peer group / symbolic capital + sociologist
Archer / Archer et al
- - By adopting w/c feminine identities, girls gained symbolic capital from the school but prevented them from acquiring educational capital and economic capital:
- Hyper-heterosexual feminine identities: the construction took time and brought them into conflict with teachers who saw their over sexualised look as disruptive
gender and subject choice - 3 internal factors
- gendered socialisation
- gender domains
- gendered career opportunities
gender and subject choice - 2 external factors
- peer pressure
- gendered subject images
4 ways how schools reinforce gender identities
- peer groups
- verbal abuse
- double standards
- teachers
