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culture and identity Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is organic solidarity?

A

model where people are bound together based on their dependence on each other

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2
Q

what is mechanical solidarity?

A

model where people are similar in terms of status

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3
Q

what is Anomie?

A

normlessness

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4
Q

what are the 2 parts the structure of society is devided into according to Marxism?

A

the economic base (means of production),
the superstructure (institutions)

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5
Q

what is the surplus value?

A

when the workers who produce goods do not get the full value of their work

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6
Q

what is ISA and who created this definition?

A

IDEOLOGICAL STATE APPARATUS institutions that spread doinant ideology. Made by Althusser

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7
Q

who created definition false needs?

A

Marcuse

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8
Q

who argues family insists capitalist values?

A

Zaretsky

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9
Q

what is hegemony?

A

dominant ideology

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10
Q

who argues that society can no longer be understood through the grand theories?

A

michael foucault

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11
Q

who argues that society is changing rapidly, there’s uncertainity and risk?

A

Pakulski and Waters

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12
Q

who argues that class is dead?

A

Pakulski and Waters

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13
Q

who argues there are pick ‘n’ mix identities?

A

pakulski and waters

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14
Q

who argues that identities are influenced by pop culture?

A

Strinati

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15
Q

who created the concept ‘interaction order?’

A

goffman

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16
Q

what are the 2 types of classifiation?

A

individual, categoric

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17
Q

what does ‘impression management” mean?

A

interaction is a form of role playing

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18
Q

what is civil inattention?

A

everyday situations are governed by the set of informal rules

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19
Q

who introduced the proccess of labelling?

A

Becker

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20
Q

who argues we attach meanings to symbols?

A

Mead

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21
Q

“The Self”consists of 2 parts:

A

I - what i feel about myself
Me - how others see me

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22
Q

who argues that we develop the sense of ourselves by interpreting the messages we recieve from others?

A

Cooley

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23
Q

what is the first wave feminism focused on?

A
  • social and legal reform
  • better education, right to vote
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24
Q

what is the second wave feminism focused on?

A
  • civil rigts, gay rights
  • personal and public life is patriarchal
  • raising awareness on opression
    -equal pay, access to contraception
  • free childcare
  • anti-domestic violence
  • reduce discrimination against lesbianism
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25
Q

what is third wave feminism focused on?

A
  • individual desires
  • ability to express your identity in the unique way
  • aboishing gender roles
  • challeging ideas about sexuality and gender
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26
Q

what are the main features of liberal feminism?

A
  • equaity legislation
  • slow social change
  • believe the progress have been already made
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27
Q

who makes a key distinction between sex and gender?

A

Ann Oakley

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28
Q

who believes women now have more choice?

A

Somerville

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29
Q

what are the key features of radical feminism?

A
  • patriarchal opression is universal. it’s direct and personal
  • men exploit women with free domestic labour
  • patriarchy controles women’s bodies
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30
Q

who argues domestic violence is central to the male supermacy. Rape and harrasment are part of systematic opression?

A

Brownmiller

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31
Q

who argues that the roots of women’s opression lie in their biological ability to have children?

A

Firestone

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32
Q

who argues women should live separately from men?

A

Greer

33
Q

what are the key features of marxist feminism?

A

-women’s subordination because of capitalism
-results from their unpaid housewife role as it puts them in an economically dependent position
- believe women are reserved army of labour

34
Q

who argues women’s roles also suport the capitalist ideology to maintain positive feelings for the capitalist system to continue?

A

Barrett

35
Q

who argues women are takers of shit?

A

Fran Ansley

36
Q

what are the key features of difference feminism?

A
  • takes class into consideration
  • takes black women into consideration
  • takes sexuality into consideration
  • they all experience patriarchy differently
37
Q

who argues feminism is guilty of false universality?

A

bell hooks

38
Q

who examines family diversity from a lesbian perspective?

A

Calhoun

39
Q

who argues thatt family provides a child with an identity through the imitative play?

A

Baumeister

40
Q

who argues that children are able to define their gender by 2-3 y.o.?

A

Durkin

41
Q

who argues that family is a personality factory?

A

parsons

42
Q

who introduces the concept of hidden curriculum?

A

Althusser

43
Q

who argues that socialisation is active?

A

giddens

44
Q

who argues humanity subjects like history connect individual to society through the sense of pride?

A

durkeim

45
Q

who argues we need to create counter hegemonic bloc?

A

Antonio Gramsci

46
Q

who argues old people have less status as they are less useful for capitalism

A

marx

47
Q

who argues that factors like gender, ethnicity, sexuality and consumption are more important indicators of identity rather than social class?

A

Clarke and Saunders

48
Q

who argues there’s a rise of third age?

A

Laslett

49
Q

who argues that high culture provides middle class with cultural capital?

A

Bourdieu

50
Q

who argues individuals are puppets on a string?

A

Taylor

51
Q

what is a metanarrative?

A

grand story

52
Q

3 key areas of marxism

A
  • structural conflict theory
  • class conflit and exploitation
  • ideology and socialisation
53
Q

4 key areas of interactionism

A
  • action-based theory
  • interaction over structural inequality
  • labelling theory
  • socialisation into an identity
54
Q

what is meritocracy?

A

the belief that if you work hard, you’ll be rewarded

55
Q

what is Moral panic?

A

when the media scapegoats groups that are seen as a threat to society and then society turns them into folk devils

56
Q

Which of the following criticisms of the labelling theory was by Akers?

A

The labelling theory doesn’t explain why some people get labelled and others do not. Until it can explain this it will remain an incomplete theory.

57
Q

what values are taught in the family? (particularistic or universalistic)

A

Particularistic values

58
Q

Is our modern society characterised by homogeneity or heterogeneity?

A

heterogenity

59
Q

What type of solidarity was characteristic of a pre-industrial society?

A

mechanical solidarity

60
Q

Which theory agree with the Functionalist views of the family, emphasising that the role of the father is crucial and that ‘father absentism’ can have a detrimental impact on a son’s primary socialisation

A

New right

61
Q

stonewall statistics on sexual identities

A
  • 112% rise in hate crimes
  • 50% experience depression
  • 80% experience hate crimes
  • 11.9% of characters are LGBT
62
Q

Key dates for sexual identities

A

2004 - civil partnerships act
2010 - equality act
2013 - marriage

63
Q

the proportions of sexual identities stats

A
  • 2022 - 93% are straight in UK
  • 2021 - 70% are straight worldwide
  • 46% of 18-24 year olds identify as strictly hetero
64
Q

disability stats

A
  • 23% of disabled in the UK
  • 47% are unemployed
65
Q

3 ways of stigma management

A
  1. try to hide it
  2. admit and relieve interaction tension
  3. protest agains the stigma
66
Q

2 different models of disability

A
  • social model of disability - the attitudes and physical barriers imposed by society affect the individual
  • medical model of the disability - disability itself affects the individual
67
Q

2 impacts of globalisation on ethnic identities

A
  • negative: pop culture makes ethnic groups homogeneus
  • positive: new cultural and hybrid identities emerge
68
Q

2 types of an identity

A

-personal: personal details
- social: us in relation to a group

69
Q

4 types of masculinity + sociologist

A

Connell
1. hegemonic
2. complicit (new man)
3. subordinate (gay men)
4. marginalised (jobless)

70
Q

4 ways the family reinforce gender identities? + sociologist

A

Oakley
1. manipulation
2. canalisation
3. verbal apellations
4. domestic activities

71
Q

5 gender codes + sociologist

A

Statham
1. colour codes
2. appearance codes
3. toy codes
4. play codes
5. control codes

72
Q

explaination of the warm bath theory + sociologist

A

Parsons
wife and family are a metaphorical warm bath - tensions from work disappear

73
Q

hidden curriculum in relation to gender identity

A
  • school organisation
  • subject choice
  • teacher attitudes
  • language
74
Q

5 ways that education reinforces gender identities + sociologist

A

Francis
- gendered verbal behaviour
- gendered physical behaviour
- gendered classroom behaviour
- gendered pursuits
- role of the teacher

75
Q

2 ways that the media reinforces gender identities

A
  1. stereotypical representations - women’s portrayal in the media
  2. through advertisements
76
Q

features of the crisis of masculinity

A
  • decline in traditional male jobs
  • decline in traditional male role in the family
  • decline of male power in society
  • rise of new man
  • technology - men are less neccessary to have children
  • underachievement in education
  • rise of gay movement
77
Q

feminisation of economy + sociologist

A

Wilkinson
- sexual equality is at its brightest
- feminisation of the workplace allows women to be more ambitious

78
Q

different social experience in relation to sexuality

A
  • LGBTQ people are stigmatised
  • they are a subject to disacrimination
  • subject to verbal or physical abuse
  • different leisure activities
  • low representation in the media
  • experience of heteronormativity

Sociology (10 decks)

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