culture and identity Flashcards
what is organic solidarity?
model where people are bound together based on their dependence on each other
what is mechanical solidarity?
model where people are similar in terms of status
what is Anomie?
normlessness
what are the 2 parts the structure of society is devided into according to Marxism?
the economic base (means of production),
the superstructure (institutions)
what is the surplus value?
when the workers who produce goods do not get the full value of their work
what is ISA and who created this definition?
IDEOLOGICAL STATE APPARATUS institutions that spread doinant ideology. Made by Althusser
who created definition false needs?
Marcuse
who argues family insists capitalist values?
Zaretsky
what is hegemony?
dominant ideology
who argues that society can no longer be understood through the grand theories?
michael foucault
who argues that society is changing rapidly, there’s uncertainity and risk?
Pakulski and Waters
who argues that class is dead?
Pakulski and Waters
who argues there are pick ‘n’ mix identities?
pakulski and waters
who argues that identities are influenced by pop culture?
Strinati
who created the concept ‘interaction order?’
goffman
what are the 2 types of classifiation?
individual, categoric
what does ‘impression management” mean?
interaction is a form of role playing
what is civil inattention?
everyday situations are governed by the set of informal rules
who introduced the proccess of labelling?
Becker
who argues we attach meanings to symbols?
Mead
“The Self”consists of 2 parts:
I - what i feel about myself
Me - how others see me
who argues that we develop the sense of ourselves by interpreting the messages we recieve from others?
Cooley
what are the main features of liberal feminism?
- equaity legislation
- slow social change
- believe the progress have been already made
who makes a key distinction between sex and gender?
Ann Oakley
who believes women now have more choice?
Somerville
what are the key features of radical feminism?
- patriarchal opression is universal. it’s direct and personal
- men exploit women with free domestic labour
- patriarchy controles women’s bodies
who argues domestic violence is central to the male supermacy. Rape and harrasment are part of systematic opression?
Brownmiller
who argues that the roots of women’s opression lie in their biological ability to have children?
Firestone
who argues women should live separately from men?
Greer
what are the key features of marxist feminism?
-women’s subordination because of capitalism
-results from their unpaid housewife role as it puts them in an economically dependent position
- believe women are reserved army of labour
who argues women’s roles also suport the capitalist ideology to maintain positive feelings for the capitalist system to continue?
Barrett
who argues women are takers of shit?
Fran Ansley
what are the key features of difference feminism?
- takes class into consideration
- takes black women into consideration
- takes sexuality into consideration
- they all experience patriarchy differently
who argues feminism is guilty of false universality?
bell hooks
who examines family diversity from a lesbian perspective?
Calhoun
who argues thatt family provides a child with an identity through the imitative play?
Baumeister
who argues that children are able to define their gender by 2-3 y.o.?
Durkin
who argues that family is a personality factory?
parsons
who introduces the concept of hidden curriculum?
Althusser
who argues that socialisation is active?
giddens
who argues humanity subjects like history connect individual to society through the sense of pride?
durkeim
who argues we need to create counter hegemonic bloc?
Antonio Gramsci
who argues old people have less status as they are less useful for capitalism
marx
who argues that factors like gender, ethnicity, sexuality and consumption are more important indicators of identity rather than social class?
Clarke and Saunders
who argues there’s a rise of third age?
Laslett
who argues that high culture provides middle class with cultural capital?
Bourdieu
who argues individuals are puppets on a string?
Taylor
what is a metanarrative?
grand story
3 key areas of marxism
- structural conflict theory
- class conflit and exploitation
- ideology and socialisation
4 key areas of interactionism
- action-based theory
- interaction over structural inequality
- labelling theory
- socialisation into an identity
what is meritocracy?
the belief that if you work hard, you’ll be rewarded
what is Moral panic?
when the media scapegoats groups that are seen as a threat to society and then society turns them into folk devils
Which of the following criticisms of the labelling theory was by Akers?
The labelling theory doesn’t explain why some people get labelled and others do not. Until it can explain this it will remain an incomplete theory.
what values are taught in the family? (particularistic or universalistic)
Particularistic values
Is our modern society characterised by homogeneity or heterogeneity?
heterogenity
What type of solidarity was characteristic of a pre-industrial society?
mechanical solidarity
Which theory agree with the Functionalist views of the family, emphasising that the role of the father is crucial and that ‘father absentism’ can have a detrimental impact on a son’s primary socialisation
New right
stonewall statistics on sexual identities
- 112% rise in hate crimes
- 50% experience depression
- 80% experience hate crimes
- 11.9% of characters are LGBT
Key dates for sexual identities
2004 - civil partnerships act
2010 - equality act
2013 - marriage
the proportions of sexual identities stats
- 2022 - 93% are straight in UK
- 2021 - 70% are straight worldwide
- 46% of 18-24 year olds identify as strictly hetero
disability stats
- 23% of disabled in the UK
- 47% are unemployed
3 ways of stigma management
- try to hide it
- admit and relieve interaction tension
- protest agains the stigma
2 different models of disability
- social model of disability - the attitudes and physical barriers imposed by society affect the individual
- medical model of the disability - disability itself affects the individual
2 impacts of globalisation on ethnic identities
- negative: pop culture makes ethnic groups homogeneus
- positive: new cultural and hybrid identities emerge
2 types of an identity
-personal: personal details
- social: us in relation to a group
4 types of masculinity + sociologist
Connell
1. hegemonic
2. complicit (new man)
3. subordinate (gay men)
4. marginalised (jobless)
4 ways the family reinforce gender identities? + sociologist
Oakley
1. manipulation
2. canalisation
3. verbal apellations
4. domestic activities
5 gender codes + sociologist
Statham
1. colour codes
2. appearance codes
3. toy codes
4. play codes
5. control codes
explaination of the warm bath theory + sociologist
Parsons
wife and family are a metaphorical warm bath - tensions from work disappear
hidden curriculum in relation to gender identity
- school organisation
- subject choice
- teacher attitudes
- language
5 ways that education reinforces gender identities + sociologist
Francis
- gendered verbal behaviour
- gendered physical behaviour
- gendered classroom behaviour
- gendered pursuits
- role of the teacher
2 ways that the media reinforces gender identities
- stereotypical representations - women’s portrayal in the media
- through advertisements
features of the crisis of masculinity
- decline in traditional male jobs
- decline in traditional male role in the family
- decline of male power in society
- rise of new man
- technology - men are less neccessary to have children
- underachievement in education
- rise of gay movement
feminisation of economy + sociologist
Wilkinson
- sexual equality is at its brightest
- feminisation of the workplace allows women to be more ambitious
different social experience in relation to sexuality
- LGBTQ people are stigmatised
- they are a subject to disacrimination
- subject to verbal or physical abuse
- different leisure activities
- low representation in the media
- experience of heteronormativity
