CRIME AND DEVIANCE (SOCIOLOGISTS) Flashcards
Who argued that due to the complexity of modern societies, there’s a high risk of anomie as a result of crime?
Durkheim
Which Left Realists (3) argued that crime itself is not functional, it’s publicising the offence and punishment that help unite society?
Taylor, Walton & Young
Who argued that the role of the punishment is to reinforce social solidarity and mend the offender?
Durkehim
Who argued that boundaries are reaffirmed in courtroom during the ‘degradation ceremonies”?
Erikson
Who argued laws are created and selectively enforced to benefit the ruling class?
Pearce
Who argued society’s controls should neither be too weak or too strong?
- “in order for society to change, yesterday’s deviance must become today’s normality”
Durkheim
Who argued that deviancy signals that there’s a breakdown of values in society?
Cohen
Who argued that truancy is the example of the warning function?
Erikson
Who argued that the role of control agents is to sustain a certain level of crime rather than eliminate it?
Erikson
Who argued ‘Safety valve’ whereby prostitution has a positive function of releasing the tension and protectin the nuclear family?
Davis
Who argued ‘Safety channeling’ whereby the deviant act of pornography is a safe way of channeling sexual desires?
Polsky
Who argued there are 4 bonds of attachment that bind people together?
1. Attachment
2. Commitment
3. Involvement
4. Belief
Hirshci
Which marxist argued that there are 5 key factors weakening social bonds?
1. Secrecy
2. Skills
3. Supply
4. Social support
5. Symbolic support
Stephen Box
Who argued crime occurs when highly socialised groups realise the contradiction between meritocracy and inequalities?
Lea and Young
Who argued there’s a strain between culture encouraging to achieve and means that allow to do it legitimately? (Strain theory)
Merton
Who introduced status frustration theory? What does it suggest?
Cohen
- univiersalistic values can differ from particularistic - when individuals experience this contradiction & can’t achieve goals they feel status frustration - they find like-minded people in gangs with ASH that allow to achieve this status through crime
Who argued the illegitimate opportunity structure? What are the 3 types of subcultures within this theory?
Ohlin and Cloward
1. Criminal subculture
2. Conflict subculture
3. Retreatist subculture
Who argued many people are socialised into values different from mainstream ones? (Marxism)
Stephen Box
Who introduced the 6 focal concerns theory? FATSET - factors leading w/c to delinquency
Walter Miller
Which organisation argued capitalism maintains control over people in 2 ways?
1. ideological dominance
2. economic pressure
CCCS - centre for contemporary cultural studies
Who argued capitalism incorporates subcultural style and commercialises it in order to maintain dominance? (Marxist subcultural theory)
Hebdige
Who argued skinheads used their style as opposition? (Marxist subcultural theory)
Cohen
Who argued marxist subcultural theory misses out subcultures based on sexuality, gender or age
Blackman
Who introduced the drift theory? (PM) What 5 techniques of neutralism does it include?
Matza
1. Denial of responsibility - in with the bad crowd
2. Denial of injury - nobody was hurt
3. Denial of the victim - they asked for it
4. Condemning the condemners - police are corrupt
5. Appeal to their duties - loyalty to friends and family
who argued that the most frequent reason for delinquency is boredom?
Downes and Rock
Who argued that capitalism is based on comptition, selfishness and greed which form people’s attitudes towards life? (capitalism is criminogenic)
Bonger
Who argued inequality makes w/c turn to crime due to these reasons?
1. Poverty
2. The only way of getting material goods
3. Alienation at work
Gordon
Who argued corporate crime is less likely to be prosecuted?
Gordon
Who argued laws reflect the beliefs of the ruling class? Not making a decision to enforce the law is also a decision to protect the privelege of the ruling class?
Chambliss
Who did the Vagrancy Laws case study? What was it about?
Chambliss - When plague survivors started asking for the higher wages Britain introduced the law forcing them to work at the lowest possible wage
Who argues state is reluctant to passing the laws that would threaten business’ profitability?
Snider
Who argued capitalism has a caring face but irl health and safety laws ensure that the w/c are fit and healthy to be exploited
Pearce
Who argued all firms had broken health and safety laws, but only 1.5% got prosecuted?
Carlson
Who argued corporate crime is less likely to be prosecuted?
Gordon
Who argue that capitalism has created a mystification - an ideology that corporate crime is less widespread than w/c crime?
Box
Who argued the combined cost of corporate and white collar crime is more than the cost of theft and robbery?
Croal
Who argued corporate crime harms society more than street crime in terms of both: money and lives?
Snider
Who argued criminality is linked to the free market economy?
Taylor
Who argued crime is a meaningful attempt to demonstrate one’s beliefs? (Neo-Marxism)
Taylor
Who argued young black men are motivated to commit crime due to their experience of racism?
Gilroy
Who argued that media has a role in the construction of moral panics? policing the crisis - 70’s
Hall
Who introduced the fully social theory of crime and deviance? (Neo-Marxism)
1. wider origins
2. immediate origins
3. actual act
4. immediate origins of social reaction
5. wider origins of social reaction
6. outcomes of societal reaction on the deviant’s future action
Taylor, Walton and Young
Who argued that those committing hate crime get thrill from transferring suffering to those who are different to them?
Levin and McDevitt
Who argued seductions of crime whereby the state of drift and boredom leads to thrills from risk-taking and hence provides with an identity?
Katz
Who argued the ‘edgework’ whereby one explores the boundaries of legal and criminal behaviour to get thrills?
Lyng
Who argued we shoud adopt a transgressive approach to crime whereby it should be re-conceptualise crime to causing harm of some sort?
Henry and Milovanovic
Who argued surveillance is effective in regulating the behaviour? (Postmodernism)
Foucault
Who argued there’s a liquid surveillance whereby we’re not aware of being watched?
Bauman and Lyon
Who argued moral entrepreneurs seek to outlaw certain behaviour and hence go on a moral crusade to change the laws?
Becker
Who argued law creation has 2 effects?
1. New groups of outsiders
2. Expansion of social control agents
Becker
Who found that victorian moral entrepreneurs created a separate category of the offender - juveline delinquents?
Platt
Who found police’s decisions regarding the youths were based on their appearance? Police formed the judgements about their characterd based on their physical cues.
Piliavin and Briar
Who found that police’s decisions were influenced by their stereotypes of an offender?
Cicourel
Who found that officers drew parellels between juvenile delinquens who gre up in poverty and all poor people and implied that everyone with such backgound are delinquents? Common sense theory
Cicourel
Who did the study into coastal innuits in Canada and found there was a great importance attached to the ceremonial speeach, hence there was a deep-rooted stuttering due to anxiety?
Lemert
Who found that deviants who kept their actions secret were still aware they’re breaking laws and flouting social norms?
Taylor
Whose study showed the importance of societal reaction? The disclosure of the incest among the islanders led them to suicide
Malinowski
Who outlined 3 principles of labelling?
1. breaking the rule isn’t deviance
2. someone invested has to enforce the rule
3. if one gets labelled, consequences follow
Becker
Who argued deviants aren’t ordinary people and there must be some reason why the label is applied to some and not others?
Akers
Who found that students’ responses to homosexuality were very different? This demonstrates that humans attach their own meanings to actions
Kitsuse
Whose study of male prostitutes demonstrated the ability to negotiate the label? In the public these men projected the ‘straight’ look
Reiss
Who outlined the SFP example of hippies?
Young
Who argued more control produces more crime?
Wilkins
Who argued that moral panics is an outdated concept with the growth of educated and sophisticated audiences?
McRobbie and Thornton
Who argued that in America there was a decrease in tolerance to minor offences? Truancy has been outlawed leading to increase in deviance
Triplett
Who argued labelling can have a positive role? There are 2 types of shaming: disintegrative and reintegrative and the second one performs a positive effect because the offender is not excluded from society
Braithwaite
Who argued cultural inclusion, economic exclusion?
Jock Young
Who argued the bulimic society?
Jock Young
Who outlined the concept of relative deprivation?
Runciman
Who introduced the paradox of modern society - contradiction between prosperity and crime?
Lea & Young
Who argued there’s too much focus on street crime whilst ignoring more powerful groups?
Henry and Milovanovic
Who argued relative deprivation + individualism = crime
Young
Who argued people dissatisfied with their lives formed delinquent subcultures, others turned to Rastafarianism - both offerend solutions to their deprivation?
Ken Pryce
Who found that in USA ghettos there was a full immersion in the american dream: a culture hooked on Nike, BMW and Gucci? (LR)
Young
Who argued that participation in production processes helps the group to avoid marginalisation?
Lea and Young
Who argued crime is committed through biosocial factors?
Wilson and Hernstein
Who argued main cause of crime is low intelligence?
Hernstein and Murray
Who argued the underclass subscribes to deviant values and transmits it to their children?
Murray
Who found the underclass was depressed and had no motivation to commit crime?
Charlesworth
Who argued povery is often caused by external factors such as globalisation?
Rex and Tomlinson
Who argued the underclass have criminogenic environment?
Dilulio and Waters
Who argued individuals make rational decision to commit crime and if benefits outweigh the costs they do so?
Clarke
Who introduced the routine activity theory? (motivated offender + absence of the guardian = crime)
Felson
