CRIME AND DEVIANCE (SOCIOLOGISTS) Flashcards
Who ardgued that due to the complexity of modern societies, there’s a high risk of anomie as a result of crime?
Durkheim
Which Left Realists (3) argued that crime itself is not functional, it’s publicising the oofence and punishment that help unite society?
Taylor, Walton & Young
Who argued that the role of the punishment is to reinforce social solidarity and mend the offender?
Durkehim
Who argued that boundaries are reaffirmed in courtroom during the ‘degradation ceremonies”?
Erikson
Who argued laws are created and selectively enforced to benefit the ruling class?
Pearce
Who argued society’s controls should neither be too weak or too strong?
- “in order for society to change, yesterday’s deviance must become today’s normality”
Durkheim
Who argued that deviancy signals that there’s a breakdown of values in society?
Cohen
Who argued that truancy is the example of the warnng function?
Erikson
Who argued that the role of control agents is to sustain a certain kevel of crime rather than eliminate it?
Erikson
Who argued ‘Safety valve’ whereby prostitution has a positive function of releasing the tension and protectin the nuclear family?
Davis
Who argued ‘Safety channeling’ whereby thedeviant act of pornography is a safe way of channeling sexual desires?
Polsky
Who argued there are 4 bonds of attachment that bind people together?
1. Attachment
2. Commitment
3. Involvement
4. Belief
Hirshci
Which marxist argued that there are 5 key factors weakening social bonds?
1. Secrecy
2. Skills
3. Supply
4. Social support
5. Symbolic support
Stephen Box
Who argued crime occurs when highly socialised groups realise the contradiction between meritocracy and inequalities?
Lea and Young
Who argued there’s a strain between culture encouraging to achieve and mens that allow to do it legitimately? (Strain theory)
Merton
Who introduce status frustration theory? What does it suggest?
Cohen
- univiersalistic values can differ from particularistic - when individuals experience this contradiction & can’t achieve goals they feel status frustration - they find like-minded people in gangs with ASH that allow to achieve this status through crime
Who argued the illegitimate opportunity structure? What are the 3 types of subcultures within this theory?
Ohlin and Cloward
1. Criminal subculture
2. Conflict subculture
3. Retreatist subculture
Who argued many people are socialised into values different from mainstream ones? (Marxism)
Stephen Box
Who introduced the 6 focal concerns theory? FATSET - factors leading w/c to delinquency
Walter Miller
Which organisation argued capitalism maintains control over people in 2 ways?
1. ideological dominance
2. economic pressure
CCCS - centre for contemporary cultural studies
Who argued capitalism incorporates subcultural style and commercialises it in order to maintain dominance? (Marxist subcultural theory)
Hebdige
Who argued skinheads used their style as opposition? (Marxist subcultural theory)
Cohen
Who argued marxist subcultural theory misses out subcultures based on sexuality, gender or age
Blackman
Who introduced the drift theory? (PM) What 5 techniques of neutralism does it include?
Matza
1. Denial of responsibility - in with the bad crowd
2. Denial of injury - nobody was hurt
3. Denial of the victim - they asked for it
4. Condemning the condemners - police are corrupt
5. Appeal to their duties - loyalty to friends and family
who argued that the most frequent reason for delinquency is boredom?
Downes and Rock
Who argued that capitalism is based on comptition, selfishness and greed which form people’s attitudes towards life? (capitalism is criminogenic)
Bonger
Who argued inequality makes w/c turn to crime due to these reasons?
1. Poverty
2. The only way of getting material goods
3. Alienation at work
Gordon
Who argued corporate crime is less likely to be prosecuted?
Gordon
Who argued laws reflect the beliefs of the ruling class? Not making a decision to enforce the law is also a decision to protect the privelege of the ruling class?
Chambliss
Who did the Vagrancy Laws case study? What was it about?
When pague survivors started asking for the higher wages Britain introduced the law forcing them to work at the lowest possible wage
Who argues state is reluctant to passing the laws that would threaten business’ profitability?
Snider
Who argued capitalism has a caring face but irl health and safety laws ensure that the w/c are fit and healthy to be exploited
Pearce
Who argued all firms had broken health and safety laws, but only 1.5% got prosecuted?
Carlson
