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Ecol Finals Flashcards

1
Q

types of ecosystem

A

natural and artificial

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2
Q

is a natural unit consisting of all plants, animals & microorganism

A

natural ecosystem

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3
Q

are created by human beings where management, balance of the nature is disturbed regularly

A

artificial ecosystem

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4
Q

a place where plants & animals are dependent upon one another

A

natural ecosystem

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5
Q

importance of ecosystem

A

*Provide food & fiber, fuel, wood & grass
*Supply medicines
*Regulates our environment in controlling risks from landslides, floods & other catastrophic events

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6
Q

a land-based community of organisms and the interactions of biotic and abiotic components in a given area

A

terrestrial ecosystem

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7
Q

Five (5) Fundamental Steps In The Operation Of The Ecosystems

A
  1. reception of energy
  2. production of organic materials
  3. consumption
  4. decomposition of organic compounds
  5. transformation to suitable forms
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8
Q

Strength of Natural Ecosystems

A
  1. efficiency
  2. diversity
  3. self-sufficiency
  4. self-regulation
  5. resiliency
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9
Q

*related to the flows of energy production
*tend to be economical in capturing and using rainfall & in mobilizing & cycling nutrients

A

efficiency

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10
Q

use solar energy to produce organic material

A

producers

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11
Q

use the plants as food which supplies them energy

A

primary consumers

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12
Q

feed on the herbivores and derive energy for their sustenance and growth

A

secondary consumers & tertiary consumers

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13
Q

*both above ground & in the soil
*provides checks & balances, nutrient availability & checks on disease outbreaks

A

diversity

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14
Q

requiring only inputs of sunlight and rainfall

A

self-sufficiency

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15
Q

a self-sufficient ecosystem can

A

recycle nutrients
maintain biodiversity
regulate populations
provide essential services

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16
Q

ability of communities & ecosystems to withstand, learn from, & adapt to the impacts of a problem

A

resiliency

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17
Q

Eight (8) General Ecological Principles

A
  1. adaptation
  2. behavior
  3. diversity
  4. emergent properties
  5. energy flow
  6. growth and development
  7. limits
  8. regulation
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18
Q

the way a life system looks or behaves is not random or accidental; rather it is the result of changing to survive in a dynamic environment

A

adaptation

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19
Q

living systems evolve behavioral responses to stress and disturbances to enhance survival

A

behavior

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20
Q

changes in environmental conditions over time have led to variety within each level of organization

A

diversity

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21
Q

when different levels of organizations are functioning together, new properties are created that were not operational at lower levels

A

emergent properties

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22
Q

energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can change form. energy quality is always degraded through transformation

A

energy flow

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23
Q

as organisms and systems increase in size, changes that occur allow survival. growth rate slows as maximum capacity is net.

A

growth and development

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24
Q

there are limits to how much stress can be tolerated by living systems

A

limits

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25
Q

energy is spent if a signal is sent to increase or decrease some function to maintain balance

A

regulation

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26
Q

“Evolution, Life History Patterns, Natural Selection, Survival, Predator-Prey Interactions” is the associated concept of

A

adaptation

27
Q

“Reproduction, Predator- Prey interactions, Dispersal, Survival (humans and other animal species), Pest Control (exotics, nuisance animals) Harvesting” is the associated concept of

A

behavior

28
Q

“Competition, Land-Use Practices, Genetics, Survival, Fragmentation” is the associated concept of

A

diversity

29
Q

“Complexity, Synthesis, Teamwork, Government” is the associated concept of

A

emergent properties

30
Q

“Thermodynamics, Food Chains, Tropic Levels, Heat Exchange” is the associated concept of

A

energy flow

31
Q

“Succession, Reproduction, Population Dynamics, Competition” is the associated concept of

A

growth and development

32
Q

“Sustainability, Conservation, Disease, Natural Disaster, Agriculture, Pollution” is the associated concept of

A

limits

33
Q

“Feedback Loops, Organismal Systems, Cybernetics” is the associated concept of

A

regulation

34
Q

Three (3) Fundamental Concepts of Productivity of an Ecosystem

A

Standing crop
Material removal
Production rate

35
Q

abundance of organisms existing in the area at any one time

A

Standing crop

36
Q

materials removed from the area per unit time

A

Material removal

37
Q

amount of material formed by each link in the food chain per unit of time per unit area or volume is the production rate

A

Production rate

38
Q

Three (3) steps overall strategy to the production of crops relying heavily on ecological principles

A
  1. Build internal strengths into the agricultural ecosystem
  2. Use routine ecologically sound practices during the season to keep plants healthy
  3. In an unanticipated problem arises, use the most compassionate reactive (therapeutic) means possible to deal with it
39
Q

Applying Ecological Principles in the Farm

A
  1. Keep the soil covered all the time
  2. Stir, not invert the soil
  3. Recycle and utilize available local resources
  4. Diversity is the Law of Nature
  5. Natural, not chemical
40
Q

Farm practices that increase the utilization of solar energy

A
  1. Planting cover crops
  2. Perennial vegetation
  3. Mixed cropping
  4. Timing of planting
  5. Proper spacing
41
Q

Humans tend to adopt strategies and goals that are in conflict with natural processes

A

Pest management of modern agriculture

42
Q

Ecologists’ perspective that “pests are not problems but are symptoms that there is ecological imbalance in the system”

the approach would be to manage the farm to create or restore ecological balance in the system

A

Pest management of sustainable agriculture

43
Q

a system is considered effective if there is high diversity of plants, animals, and other life forms both above and below ground.

A

biodiversity

44
Q

three types of diversity

A
  1. Genetic diversity
  2. Species diversity
  3. Ecological diversity
45
Q

-variation in genes within a species
-essential for the survival and adaptability of a species
-the genetic diversity of a particular crop maybe increased by planting more than one variety

A

genetic diversity

46
Q

stands for the number (species richness) and abundance of species (species evenness)

A

species diversity

47
Q

-variety of ecosystems within a region or on a global scale

-encompasses different types of habitats, communities and ecological processes

A

ecological diversity

48
Q

Ecologically sound management practices

A
  1. crop rotation
  2. multiple cropping
  3. planting of locally adapted & resistant varieties
  4. spacing of crops and row orientation
  5. mulching (living or non-living materials)
  6. trap and decoy crops
  7. water management
  8. field sanitation
49
Q

Prevents build up of insect pests and diseases & restores soil fertility

A

crop rotation

50
Q

-the intensification of cropping in time and space dimension

-the growing of two or more crops in the same field in a year

A

multiple cropping

51
Q

useful for suppression of weeds, insect pests, & some plant diseases

A

mulching

52
Q

attract & more preferred by pests due to strong odor & colorful flowers

A

trap and decoy crops

53
Q

very effective in reducing the population of insect pests, snails, & weeds

A

water management

54
Q

to prevent introduction of pest in the farm, prevent the spread of pests, & manage the pest in the farm

A

field sanitation

55
Q

FIVE-STEP EVALUATION PROCESS BEFORE CONVERSION

A
  1. Visualize
  2. Evaluate
  3. Educate
  4. Plan
  5. Act
56
Q

3 COMPONENTS EVOLUTIONARY METHODS TO CONVERSION

A
  1. Increased efficiency
  2. Substitution
  3. Redesign
57
Q

The usual conventional systems are altered to reduce the use of costly and scarce resources

A

Increased efficiency

58
Q

Purchased chemical inputs & practices (environmentally degrading) are replaced by more environmentally benign inputs & practices

A

Substitution

59
Q

Causes of problems are recognized, prevented, and solved internally using management solutions rather than the application of external input

A

Redesign

60
Q

APPROACHES TO CONVERSION

A
  1. Vertical conversion
  2. Horizontal conversion
61
Q

The use of conventional inputs such as chemical fertilizers and/or practices is gradually reduced throughout the farm.

A

Vertical conversion

62
Q

Complete conversion of a portion of the farm to sustainable agriculture, while conventional farming is still being practiced in the remaining portion of the farm.

A

Horizontal conversion

63
Q

SOME CONSIDERATIONS IN THE CONVERSION PROCESS

A
  1. BUILD UP INTERNAL RESOURCES
  2. APPROPRIATE TILLAGE AND
    SOIL REHABILITATION
  3. CHOICE OF CROP VARIETIES AND
    ANIMAL BREED
  4. PEST MANAGEMENT
  5. MARKETING
  6. LABOR REQUIREMENTS
  7. YIELD PREDICTION

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