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GRADE 11 FIRST SEM Midterms > Earth Science: History of the Earth > Flashcards

Earth Science: History of the Earth Flashcards

1
Q

-Puts geologic events into chronological order
-The rocks left behind are put into a sequence
-The method of reading the order is called stratigraphy
-How old something is in relation to other objects, cannot provide a specific date

A

I. Relative Dating

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2
Q

Two kind of relative dating

A
  1. Laws of Stratigraphy
    1. Unconformities
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3
Q

-From deposits of pre-existing rocks of once-living organism
-Buried underground
-Include sandstone, limestone, and shale
-Sediments carried in rivers and deposited in lakes and oceans
-Once buried, the sediments lose water and become cemented to form rock

A

Sedimentary Rocks

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4
Q

-Stacked-up layers of sedimentary rock

A

Strata

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5
Q

-Sinking of the ground because of underground material movement
-Ground water holds up the soil
-Once withdrawn, the rock and soil sink

A

Subsidence

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6
Q

-“The laws of nature are constant but the rates and intensities of change have varied through time”
-Constant change
-Some changes are faster and some slower

A

Actualism (Modern Uniformatism)

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7
Q

-The patterns in which rock layers are deposited
-The order

A
  1. Laws of Stratigraphy
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8
Q

-Estimate whether an object is younger or older than other things found
-Does not offer specific dates

A

Relative Dating Methods

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9
Q

-Subatomic particle with a positive electrical charge
-Found in atomic nucleus of every element

A

Protons

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10
Q

-Subatomic particle with a neutral electrical charge or uncharged
-Only hydrogen lacks a neutron
-Found in atomic nucleus of every element

A

Neutrons

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11
Q

-Subatomic particle with a negative electrical charge
-Can be either bound or free to an atom
-Found in atomic nucleus of every element

A

Electrons

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12
Q

-First to realize that the Earth’s crust contains a chronological history of geologic events
-History of the earth could be deciphered by study of fossils and strata

A

Nicolas Steno (1638-1686)

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13
Q

-Oldest Layer = bottom
-Youngest Layer = on top

A

Principle of Superposition

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14
Q

-Sedimentary rocks always form in horizontal layers
-Stacked on top of each other horizontally

A

Principle of Original Horizontality

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15
Q

-Rock layers are continuous unless encountered by deposition
-Layers are on the same level but a piece is taken out

A

Principle of Lateral Continuity

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16
Q

-Rocks that cut across is younger than those it cut across
-A younger rock that cuts old rocks

A

Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships

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17
Q

-Discovered that different stratified formations in England contain distinctive assemblages/collection of fossils
-Kinds of fossils are unique to a particular layer
-Added two more to the relative dating methods

A

William Smith (1769 – 1839)

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18
Q

-Any rock fragments that are included in a rock must be older than the rock in which they are included
-Rock A – Older
-Rock B - Younger

A

Law of Inclusion / Principle of Inclusions

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19
Q

-Assemblages of fossil contained in strata are unique to the time they lived
-Can be used to correlate rocks of the same age
-Despite being spread around the world
-Despite wide geographic distribution

A

Law of Fossil Succession

20
Q

-A surface within several layers of sediment where there is a missing sedimentary layer
-Contact between sedimentary rocks that are significantly different in age
-Boundary between rock, caused by period of erosion or pause in sediment accumulation
-Rock layers that were eroded forming a gap in the layer sequence
-Break in time in a continuous rock record

A

Unconformities

21
Q

-Sedimentary rocks form, then tilted and eroded
-New sedimentary rocks are laid on top

A

Angular Unconformity

22
Q

-Nonsedimentary rocks (From solidified magma)
-Line between sedimentary and nonsedimentary rocks

A

Nonconformity

23
Q

-Sedimentary rocks form, then eroded
-New sedimentary rocks are laid on top

A

Disconformity

24
Q

-Strata are parallel to each other
-The contact is simple bedding plane indicative of a continuous deposition
-Little or no evidence of erosion
-Difficult to detect

A

Paraconformity

25
Q

-Method of measuring the age of an object/event in years by analyzing isotopes of remaining radioactive elements

A

II. Absolute Dating

26
Q

-Unstable isotopes that decay into other forms to achieve stability
Proton + = Same
Neutron O = Diff (mass)
-Parents Isotopes (Unstable) - Radioactive
-Daughter Isotopes (Stable)

A

Radioactive Isotopes

27
Q

Parent Isotopes = ?

A

Parent Isotopes = (Unstable) - Radioactive

28
Q

-Time needed for half of a substance sample to undergo radioactive decay
-In every half-life, the amount of parent material decreases by half
-Ex. Sample isotope with a ——– of 10,000 years

A

Half-Life

28
Q

Daughter Isotopes = ?

A

Daughter Isotopes = (Stable)

29
Q

-In which an unstable parent nucleus emits two protons and two neutrons

A

Alpha Decay

30
Q

-In which an electron is emitted from a neutron in the nucleus

A

Beta Decay

31
Q

-In which a proton captures an electron and is thereby converted to a neutron

A

Electron Capture

32
Q

-Determining the absolute age of a sample based on the ratio of the parent material to daughter material
-Ratio of parent to daughter

A

Radiometric Dating

33
Q

What is the formula of radiometric dating

A

Age = 3.322log((p + d)/p)

34
Q

RELATIVE DATING AND ABSOLUTE DATING
DIFF AND SIM

A

RELATIVE
-Determines the order of formation of remains using stratigraphic methods
-Qualitative method of dating (Characteristics)

ABSOLUTE
-Determines the age of remains using radiometric methods
-Quantitative method of dating (Numbers AKA Isotopes)

SAME
-Provides the order of formation of remains
-Provides the age of remains

35
Q

-System of chronological measurement
-Relates stratigraphy and time to any geologic events

A

Geologic Time Scale

36
Q

(Millions of years)

A

Age

37
Q

(Tens of millions of years)

A

Epoch

38
Q

(100 million years)

A

Period

39
Q

(Several hundred million years)

A

Era

40
Q

(Half a billion years or more)

A

Eon

41
Q

-Remnant of any ancient animal or plant that has been preserved in rocks

A

Fossils

42
Q

-Age of fossil = Age of rock on which it is found?

A

True

43
Q

-Hard parts which favor fossilization
-At least lived for a short period of time
-Before it evolved into a different creature
-Good distribution and lived all over the world
-Features characteristics found in a particular geologic event

A

Index Fossils

44
Q
A

GRADE 11 FIRST SEM Midterms (15 decks)

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