COMM 01 Midterm Flashcards
Communication is ….
*
-Systemic
-Irreversible
-Proactive
-Symbolic Interaction
-Comes from the Latin word “communicare”
-Which means common
-Both sender and receiver should arrive at a common understanding of something
-Process of encoding and transmitting messages from sender to receiver
-To achieve goal
Communication
-Decodes a message, encodes feedback, and transmits it back to the sender
Receiver
-Communication between people is active
-Communicate following their creative and convenient ways
-In order to achieve a certain goal or objective
-Kind of understanding
COMMUNICATION As a Process
-Communication binds people together
-Their interaction with one another connects understanding
-Kind of understanding
COMMUNICATION As Interaction
-Communication through meaningful symbolic messages in a certain environment
-In a certain environment
COMMUNICATION As Social Context
-Initial source of information
-Intends to transmit to the receiver using different symbols
-Decide the purpose of the communication process
-During the process, the sender switches from encoder to decode
Sender/Encoder
-The target of the communication
-Important the message gets to this person
-Initially decodes but could later on encode
Receiver
-The sender’s translated information in the form of signals or symbols
-Can be verbal or non-verbal
Messages
-By which the message is sent through from sender to receiver
-Can be the space between interlocutors or devices
Channel
-Is a response the receiver gives to the sender to inform if the message sent has gotten across effectively
-Is important and should be considered carefully promptly before it is returned to sender
Feedback
-Known as noise
-Anything that interferes with the transmission of the messages
-Resulting in messages not being properly received or understood
Barrier
-Is a graphic representation designed to explain the way a variable works
-Designed to show the structure or workings of an object, system, or concept
Model
-Communication is a one-way process
-Consists of five elements:
-Source
-Transmitter
-Channel
-Receiver
-Destination
-Model was criticized for excluding feedback as an important part of communication
-Model is more applicable to one-way communication like newsletters
-Ex. Newspapers, Print Material, Radio Content, Television
The Linear Model
Shannon and Weaver (1949)
-Communication is a two-way process
-Accumulated experience of two individuals engaged in communication is emphasized
-Sender encodes and sends message
-Receiver decodes and transmits feedback to the sender
-Schramm took into account wider social situations and relationships
-Made to go against the Linear Model
The Interactive Model
Schramm (1954)
-Two-way process with the inclusion of feedback as one element
-More interactive and addresses the weaknesses of other models
-Communication is spontaneous, simultaneous process of idea transfer
-Requiring a back-and-forth relationship among elements
-Sender and receiver and referred as communicators
-Both can send and receive messages at the same time
-Feedback is provided even before the message is sent
-Ex. Conversation between friends
The Transactional Model
Barnlund (2008)
-Explicit use of language
-Ex.
-Written
-Spoken
Verbal Communication
-Augment the way we communicate
-Sends messages that are trickier to verbalize
-Ex.
-Body language
-Gestures
-Facial expressions
-Even the way we dress
Non-Verbal Communication
Dimensions: Verbal Communication
-Two Kinds:
-Written
-Spoken
-Only 35% of all communication is verbal
-Level of formality
-Estimate the required level of formality
-Helps us fit in and show respect to the people around us
-Depends on culture
-Two Kinds of Register:
-Formal
-Informal
Register
-Speaker might not be aware of unintended meaning of message sent out
–Be mindful with your words before hitting send
Intention
-Has nothing to do with the way we use our words
-But how we act and present ourselves in situations
-We need to exercises care and caution with how we act
-As it may be more brutal than our words could be
Dimensions: Non-Verbal Communication
-Not what was said, but how
-Manner of speech, tone, intonation, voice, volume, and hesitation
-Items can also be considered artifacts
Paralanguage
-How we communicate through the usage of time
-Display of authority and power, or dissent
-Good timing
-Pausing
-Cultural in nature
Chronemics
-The concept of personal space
-How close one is to the person is an indication of how close they perceive they are
Proxemics
-Use of touch to express what cannot be said
-Also communicates the perceived level of closeness of one person with another
Haptics
-The way we move our hands and heads
-Has many meaning
-Four Types:
-Emphasizing
-Regulating
-Illustrating
-Emblems
Gestures
-The way our face moves may convey emotional states without having to verbally express them
Facial Expressions
-An individual decorates or modifies their physical body to communicate to others
-Ex. Outfits, tattoos, hairstyles, jewelry
-Helps express our personality and viewpoints on society
-Cultural in nature
Personal Appearance
-The withdrawal of communication is also a form of communication\
-Also cultural in nature
Silence
-Created by linguist Braj Kachru
-Differences in English that emerge as used in various ethnic communities around the world
-Reflects sociolinguistic contexts:
-History
-Background
-Function
-Influence
-Result of adapting the language to suit people’s social needs and cultural identity
The World Englishes (Braj Kachru)
-Developed in the 19th century
-Assists in accurate pronunciation of all languages, not just English
-Providing unique symbols for each distinct sound in every language
-Emerged because the need to standardize pronunciation
The International Phonetic Alphabet
Types of Speech
according to
Purpose
informative
entertainment
persuasive
Provides the audience a clear understanding of the concept or idea
Informative Speech
Aim to share good will, joy and pleasure to the audience
Entertainment Speechh
The primary goal is to influence your listens and change their perception
Persuasive Speech
Types of Speech
according to
Delivery
impromptu
extemporaneous
manuscript reading
memorized speech
Speaking without advanced preparation
Impromptu Speech
Speaking with limited preparation
Extemporaneous Speech
Speaking with advanced preparation
Manuscript Speech
Planned and rehearesed speech
Memorized Speecj
Introductory Paragraph
Identity
Claim
3 Directions
Body Paragraph
Point
Example
Elaboration
Link
Conclduing Paragraphj
Clinch
Learning Point
CLosing statement that rouses listerns to action
Principles of Speech Delivery
-Voice,
-eye contact,
-articulation,
-attire,
-visual aid
-relating with the audiences
-movement
-posture
-facial expressions
-time
-diction
-hooks
