EAPP - Position Paper to Graphs Flashcards
An academic text which gives the writer’s opinion about a certain issue; aims to persuade or convince readers to take the writer’s stand/position.
Position Paper
The problem, controversy, arguable point
Issue
Central argument/thesis, writer’s stand
Claim/Position
Logical assertions, reasons
Arguments
Facts, statistics, interviews, expert’s testimonies
Evidences
Opposing viewpoints, intended to be disproven and refuted
Counter-Arguments
Establishing credibility or trust
Ethos
Appeal to emotions or values
Pathos
Appeal to logic using reason or by providing proof
Logos
An effective position paper introduces the issue by providing sufficient background information.
A well-informed issue
A well-supported position is one that is based on facts and rational thinking which can be achieved after a careful process of thinking using relevant information.
A well-supported position
An effective position paper considers and addresses possible arguments against its claim.
An Effective Counterargument
Good arguments are supported by evidence that is credible, precise, and representative.
A persuasive evidence
Comes from relevant books, peer-reviewed journals, or experts; data collected and presented according to accepted standards and ethical rules; fact-checked
Credible
Described in precise quantitative or qualitative terms
Precise
Uses relevant data; can be generalized for things falling within the scope of study
Representative
a mistaken or illogical idea; error in reason
Fallacies
the science of thinking
Logic
Refers to the writer’s logical and evidence-based assertions about an issue; any point supported by reason or evidence.
Arguments
discussion and analysis of issues; aims to persuade others to believe the speakers’ arguments
Debate
involves the proposal of a plan by the affirmative team to enact a policy, while the negative team offers reasons to reject that proposal.
Policy Debate
is a type of one-on-one competitive debate where arguments place heavy emphasis on logic, ethical values, and philosophy.
Lincoln-Douglas Debate
debaters give a constructive speech (testimony) followed by a cross examination (questioning) by another debater.
Cross Examination Debate
a two-on-two debate, between the affirmative team, known as the Government or the Proposition, and the negative team, referred to as the Opposition.
Parliamentary Debate
usually begins with THBT; statement which the members affirm or oppose.
Topic/Motion
content/substance which includes the arguments, evidences, examples, analysis; also consists of rebuttals and POIs
Matter
structure/organization of the speech; allocation of arguments; cohesion of team members
Method
assesses the debate; decides for the winner; judges based on matter, method, and manner
Adjudicator
series of sentences, statements, propositions that are intended to give a reason for the conclusion.
Argument
anything that can be used to prove an argument (a claim) in a debate.
Evidence
is a counter-argument; it seeks to disprove or weaken the opposing argument through evidence.
Rebuttal
is a thoroughly successful rebuttal.
Refutation
a Latin phrase meaning the existing state of affairs, particularly with regard to social, political, religious, scientific or military issues; current state of social structure or values.
Status Quo
the duty of proving a disputed assertion or charge; any claim that creates a proposition of fact must meet the burden of proof by providing some form of evidence or example proving it true.
Burden of Proof
opens the case, defines the motion, sets the context/ status quo, outlines arguments (Introduction and Argument 1).
Prime Minister
refutes the case of the OPP, reestablish claim, advances arguments (Opposition to LO, Argument 2-3)
Deputy Prime Minister
rebuts OPP’s case/arguments, summarizes arguments (Conclusion)
Government Whip
responds to the Prime Minister, outlines arguments (Introduction, opposition to PM, and Argument 1)
Leader of the Opposition
refutes the case of the GOV, reestablish claim, advances arguments (Opposition to DPM, Argument 2)
Deputy Leader of the Opposition
rebuts GOV’s case/arguments, summarizes arguments (Conclusion)
Opposition Whip
Given by any member of the team after the speeches of the GW and OW
The Reply
Questions or clarifications raised by an opponent while a speech is ongoing
Point of Information
This fallacy falsely assumes that one event causes another. Often a reader will mistake a time connection for a cause-effect connection. Similar to Post-Hoc Fallacy, but caused by lack of research.
Mistaken or Illogical Idea
is similar to making an unstated or invalid assumption. It occurs when a speaker employs an unsupported assertion in defense of their central idea.
An error in reasoning
is defined as one that is deductively invalid, contains an unjustified premise, or that ignores relevant evidence that is available and that should be known by the arguer.
Illegitimate Arguments
Also known as the logical fallacy of irrelevant thesis. It occurs when reasons are given that, if true, still would not prove the conclusion. In these cases, the premises (or reasons to believe) may be true, but the conclusion doesn’t follow from them.
Irrelevant Points
Also known as Appeal to Ignorance. This fallacy occurs when you argue that your conclusion must be true, because there is no evidence against it. This fallacy wrongly shifts the burden of proof away from the one making the claim.
Lack of Evidence
Occurs when we accept a claim merely because someone tells us an authority figure supports that claim. An authority figure supports that claim. An authority figure can be any person whose status and prestige causes us to respect them.
Appeal to Authority
This fallacy attempts to capitalize upon feelings of respect or familiarity with a famous individual.
Appeal to Improper Authority
In this sort of appeal, the authority is one who actually is knowledgeable on the matter, but one who may have professional or personal motivations that render his professional judgment suspect.
Appeal to Biased Authority
Attempting to discredit an opponent’s position by pointing out their contradictory behavior or hypocritical stance, an attempt to turn the conversation’s focus onto an opponent’s flaws.
Appeal to Hypocrisy
often by arousing the feelings and enthusiasm of the multitude rather than building an argument.
Appeal to Popular
“Everybody is doing it.” This argumentum ad populum asserts that, since the majority of people believes an argument or chooses a particular course of action, the argument must be true, or the course of action must be followed, or the decision must be the best choice.
Bandwagon Approach
“Draping oneself in the flag.” This argument asserts that a certain stance is true or correct because it is somehow patriotic, and that those who disagree are unpatriotic.
Patriotic Approach
This type of argumentum ad populum doesn’t assert “everybody is doing it,” but rather that “all the best people are doing it.”
Snob Approach
Asserting that an argument must be false because the implications of it being true would create negative results. The argument is illogical because truth and falsity are not contingent based upon how much we like or dislike the consequences of that truth.
Argument from Adverse Consequences
Asserting that opponent’s argument must be false because you personally don’t understand it or can’t follow its technicalities.
Argument from Personal Incredulity
Aims to present knowledge, facts, and conclusion about a certain problem or phenomenon
Reports
General Parts of Reports
Title
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
Provides information, data, fact, feedback; does not have analysis or recommendations
Informational
Gives solution to a problem; offers both information and analysis; has recommendations
Analytical
Sells an idea, concept, service or product; gives information and writer’s point of view
Persuasive
- Presents description and analysis of observation
- Combination of theories and practice
- Most common in the field of social sciences
- Does not have a specific format and uses simpler and more personal language
Field Report
- Commonly used in the field of sciences
- Describes a process, accepts or rejects a hypothesis, and presents the result of a scientific research
- May be used as reference for future researches
Scientific Report
- Describes the processes involved
- Presents the results of a survey
Survey Report
A data-gathering tool that uses set of questions to get facts or information
Survey
Data-gathering instrument that uses planned questions to qualitatively gather data from the respondent/s
Interview
A research instrument that contains a series of questions for the purpose of getting specific information
Questionnaire
The type which allows the respondents to express their answers in their own words; does not limit respondents to a single answer.
Open-ended Questions
Type of question that expects a specific answer based on pre-decided categories; can be in the form of dichotomous, multiple choice, or rating scales.
Close-ended Questions
Conducted to scientifically and systematically discover and test hypothesis; usually done in a laboratory or in a natural setting
Experiment
Allows the description of behavior in a naturalistic or laboratory setting using the observer’s five senses; used to cross- validate the results from other instruments
Observation
Allows the researcher to observe the subjects without interacting with them; usually employed by psychologists when observing animals and children
Non-Participant Observation
Allows the researcher to interact actively with the subjects; sometimes require to be immersed in a group or community for a long period of time
Participant Observation
Subjects are not aware that they are being observed
Covert Observation
Subjects are aware that they are being observed
Overt Observation
A detailed description of the processes and information that the researchers have gathered about the research topic
Research Report
Uses words, statements, or paragraphs, with numerals, or measurement to describe data; used when there are very few quantities to be compared using paragraphs for the discussion
Textual Presentation
Has table number and title, caption subhead (columns and rows), body (data under each subhead)
Tabular Presentation
A verbal description of data added after the table
Tabular Presentation With Textual Analysis
Representation of data using bars, lines, circles, and pictures
Graphs
A graphical presentation of data that shows a continuous change or trend; may be ascending or descending
Line Graph
Uses bars to compare categories of data; may be drawn vertically or horizontally
Bar Graph
Circular statistical graph which is divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportion; the arc length of each slice is proportional to the quantity it represents
Pie Graph
