BIOLOGY - Biomolecules Flashcards
building of organic molecules by living organisms
Biosynthesis
sugars and starches C, H, O
Carbohydrates
fats and oils C, H, O
Lipids
muscle and enzymes C, H, O, N
Proteins
DNA and RNA C, H, O, N, P
Nucleic Acid
Biological function of carbohydrates
Source of energy
Biological function of lipids
Store energy
Biological function of Proteins
building and repairing cells, metabolism: speeds up or slows down chemical reactions
Proteins are polymers made of monomers called ?
Amino Acids
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the cell
Enzymes
Biological function of Nucleic Acids
information called genes, determines physical appearance
Give the monomers for each biomolecule
Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides
Lipids - 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Proteins - amino acids
Nucleic Acids - nucleotides
Each DNA nucleotide has one of which bases?
Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine
the most abundant biological molecule
Carbohydrates
The formula for a carbohydrate is
(CH2O)n
Functions of Carbohydrates
- nutritional
- structural
- information
- osmotic pressure regulation (bacteria)
Carbohydrates also can combine with lipids
to form ?
Or with proteins to form ?
Glycolipids
Glycoproteins
Sugars that contain an aldehyde group are
called
Aldoses
Sugars that contain a keto group are called
Ketoses
All carbohydrates can be classified as
either:
– Monosaccharides
–Disaccharides
–oligosaccharides or Polysaccharides.
Cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Bond when two monosaccharides join to form a Disaccharide.
Glycosidic Bond
Types of Disaccharides
Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose)
Lactose (Galactose + Glucose)
Maltose (Glucose + Glucose)
This is the breaking down of a glycosidic bond. Water is added.
Hydrolysis
Two types of Polysaccharides
- HOMOpolysaccharides: one type of monomer
- HETEROpolysaccharides: multiple types of monomer
The Lipid Family
Triglycerides (Fats, oils, predominate in food and in the body)
Phospholipids
Sterols
Functions of Lipids
Energy storage
Generally insoluble in water
Also function as structural components of cells
Common building block for most lipids
Fatty acids
Structure of fat
Glycerol (3C Alcohol) + Fatty Acids
Solid at room temperature, most of these are from animal fats
Saturated Fat
Vegetable oil, healthier version of fats. Liquid at room temperature
Unsaturated Fats
Processed foods, more saturated than fatty acids, hydrogenated fatty acids
More saturated than natural vegetable oils
Trans-Fatty Acids
Makes oil more manageable at room temperature
Hydrogenation
Bending. Happens in double bonds
Kink
Structure of Phospholipids
Glycerol + 2 Fatty Acids + PO4 (Negative charge)
Example of this: cholesterol, sex hormones
Steroids
Only found in food derived from animals. Made in liver from carbs, protein, fat
Cholesterol
Associated with high risk of heart attack
Low density Lipoprotein
Protective effect for heart
High Density Lipoprotein
Constitute and carry the genetic information necessary for cell functioning and survival
Nucleic Acid
Has only hydrogen in carbon number two
Deoxyribose
Has oxygen and hydrogen in carbon number 2
Ribose
Three parts of nucleotide
Nitrogen Base
Pentose Sugar
Phosphate group
Double ting N base
Adenine and Guanine
Purine
Single ring N base
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
Pyrimidines
Repository of genetic information; sequence of bases encodes the blueprint for life processes
DNA
Information in the form of base sequence is transformed inti mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
RNA
Ester bonds that form between sugar and phosphate to form backbone of nucleic acid
Phosphodiester Bond
Functional products of genes
Executes cellular function
Protein
Counterpart of glycosidic bonds for lipids
Ester linkage
